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Purpose of Review: Adequately managing a complex medical regimen is paramount to the success of organ transplants. When patients stray from their prescribed medical regimen posttransplant, graft rejection, and death can occur. Predictors of adherence have been studied for many years, and various factors have been identified as contributing to adequate or poor adherence. Both demographic and personal characteristics have been associated with adherence behavior. However, recent developments, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, increased use of mobile health interventions, and use of medical biomarkers have affected the way adherence is measured and applied., Recent Findings: The COVID-19 pandemic affected patients' comfort with accessing outpatient care and created a wider use of telehealth services. Measurement of adherence through serum lab levels continues to be reviewed as a potential objective assessment of adherence. Psychosocial factors continue to be identified as major contributors to nonadherence., Summary: Adherence to antirejection medication, lab work, appointments, and exercise and dietary instructions remains critical to the health of the transplant patient. It is critical that providers involved in the selection process and posttransplant treatment of these patients remain well informed of potential new factors affecting adherence., (Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Evaluate the cost-effectiveness of open, laparoscopic, and robotic colectomy., Background: The use of robotic-assisted colon surgery is increasing. Robotic technology is more expensive and whether a robotically assisted approach is cost-effective remains to be determined., Methods: A decision-analytic model was constructed to evaluate the 1-year costs and quality-adjusted time between robotic, laparoscopic, and open colectomy. Model inputs were derived from available literature for costs, quality of life (QOL), and outcomes. Results are presented as incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), defined as incremental costs per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to test the effect of clinically reasonable variations in the inputs on our results., Results: Open colectomy cost more and achieved lower QOL than robotic and laparoscopic approaches. From the societal perspective, robotic colectomy costs $745 more per case than laparoscopy, resulting in an ICER of $2,322,715/QALY because of minimal differences in QOL. From the healthcare sector perspective, robotics cost $1339 more per case with an ICER of $4,174,849/QALY. In both models, laparoscopic colectomy was more frequently cost-effective across a wide range of willingness-to-pay thresholds. Sensitivity analyses suggest robotic colectomy becomes cost-effective at $100,000/QALY if robotic disposable instrument costs decrease below $1341 per case, robotic operating room time falls below 172 minutes, or robotic hernia rate is less than 5%., Conclusions: Laparoscopic and robotic colectomy are more cost-effective than open resection. Robotics can surpass laparoscopy in cost-effectiveness by achieving certain thresholds in QOL, instrument costs, and postoperative outcomes. With increased use of robotic technology in colorectal surgery, there is a burden to demonstrate these benefits.

Background: The North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) and the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study (ACAS) showed significant risk reductions for carotid endarterectomy (CE) but did not consider the cost-effectiveness of CE., Methods and Results: We developed Markov models based on NASCET and ACAS to simulate hypothetical cohorts of patients with carotid stenosis and calculated quality-adjusted life expectancies and direct medical costs for those receiving either CE or medical therapy. For symptomatic patients, we used a surgical stroke risk of 5.8%, a 2-year stroke risk of 27.6% for medical patients, and a post-30-day surgical risk reduction of 87% for ipsilateral strokes. For symptom-free patients, we used a surgical stroke risk of 1.7%, a 5-year stroke risk of 17.5% for medical patients, and a post-30-day surgical risk reduction of 74% for ipsilateral strokes. Cost and quality-of-life estimates were estimated from the literature. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of CE versus medical therapy was $4100 and $52700 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained for symptomatic and symptom-free patients, respectively. Incremental cost effectiveness ratios were < $50000/QALY gained for symptomatic patients for wide variations in baseline assumptions. For asymptomatic patients, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was $100900/QALY gained if the perioperative risk was 4%, $36400/QALY gained if the risk of untreated patients was doubled, and $13500/QALY gained if the cost of CE was halved., Conclusions: Performance of CE is associated with favorable incremental cost-effectiveness ratios compared with other accepted medical interventions; however, the analysis for symptom-free patients was sensitive to a number of parameters.

Background: Preoperative clinical indexes to stratify cardiac risk have not been validated angiographically. Our aims were to determine the concordance of clinical risk with severity of coronary stenosis and to develop and validate a preoperative clinical index to exclude the presence of significant coronary stenosis., Methods and Results: We carried out a prospective study of 878 consecutive patients (including the derivation and validation sets). "Severe" stenosis was defined as three-vessel (> or = 50% stenosis in each), two-vessel (> or = 50% stenosis in one when the other is > or = 70% stenosis of the left anterior descending), or left main disease (> or = 50%); "critical" stenosis was three-vessel (> or = 70% stenosis in each) and/or left main stenosis > or = 70%. A preoperative clinical index (diabetes mellitus, prior myocardial infarction, angina, age > 70 years, congestive heart failure) was used to stratify patients. A gradient of risk for severe stenosis was seen with increasing numbers of clinical markers. The following prediction rules were developed: The absence of severe coronary stenoses can be predicted with a positive predictive value of 96% for patients who have no (1) history of diabetes, (2) prior angina, (3) previous myocardial infarction, or (4) history of congestive heart failure. The absence of critical coronary stenoses can be predicted with a positive predictive value of 94% for those who have no (1) prior angina, (2) previous myocardial infarction, or (3) history of congestive heart failure., Conclusions: By reliably identifying a large proportion of patients with a low likelihood of significant stenoses, these prediction rules can help to substantially reduce healthcare costs associated with preoperative cardiac risk assessment for noncardiac surgery.

Background: Coronary angiography is indicated for many patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). There are a number of subgroups of AMI patients, however, for whom the indication for coronary angiography is not well established., Methods and Results: We developed a decision-analytic model for AMI in representative patient subgroups based on relevant clinical characteristics. The model estimates quality-adjusted life expectancy and direct lifetime costs for two strategies: coronary angiography and treatment guided by its results versus initial medical therapy without angiography. Decision tree chance node probabilities were estimated with the use of pooled data from randomized clinical trials and other relevant literature, costs were estimated with the use of the Medicare Part A database, and quality of life adjustments were derived from a survey of 1051 patients who had had a recent AMI. In our analysis, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for coronary angiography and treatment guided by its result, compared with initial medical therapy without angiography, ranged between $17,000 and > $1 million per quality-adjusted year of life gained. Patient subgroups with severe postinfarction angina or a strongly positive exercise tolerance test (ETT) typically had cost-effectiveness ratios of < $50,000 per quality-adjusted year of life gained. In addition, most patient subgroups with a prior AMI had cost-effectiveness ratios of < $50,000 per quality-adjusted year of life gained, even with a negative ETT result., Conclusions: In many patient subgroups after AMI, the cost-effectiveness of routine coronary angiography and treatment guided by its results compares favorably with other treatment strategies for coronary heart disease.