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Objective: This study aimed to examine the effect of Kinesio taping as an adjunct to combined chain exercises compared with combined chain exercises alone in the management of individuals with knee osteoarthritis., Methods: A total of 60 (27 male, 33 female) individuals (age range = 50-71 yrs and mean age = 54.26 ± 8.83 yrs) diagnosed as having mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis (based on the Kellgren and Lawrence grade I-III classification) were randomly allocated into two groups with 30 participants each in the Kinesio taping + combined chain exercises and combined chain exercises groups. Participants in the Kinesio taping + combined chain exercises group received Kinesio taping plus combined chain exercises and those in the combined chain exercises group received only combined chain exercises. Each participant was assessed for pain, range of motion, functional mobility, and quality of life at baseline and after 8 wks of intervention. A mixed-design multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the treatment effect., Results: No significant differences were observed in the baseline characteristics of participants in both groups. The result indicated that there was a significant time effect for all outcomes, with a significant interaction between time and intervention (P < 0.001). The Bonferroni post hoc analyses of time and intervention effects indicated that the Kinesio taping + combined chain exercises group improved significantly better than the combined chain exercises group in all outcomes, pain (mean = 2.01 [0.64] vs. 3.94 [1.12], F[df] = 5.466[1,58], P = 0.011), flexion range of motion (mean = 121.15 [2.07] vs. 104.28 [3.24], F[df] = 26.722[1,58], P < 0.001), functional mobility (mean = 19.47 [1.95] vs. 31.01 [2.39], F[df] = 29.436[1,58], P < 0.001), and quality of life (mean = 68.76 [3.19] vs. 45.62 [2.87], F[df] = 71.984[1,58], P < 0.001), after 8 wks of intervention., Conclusions: The findings of this study concluded that Kinesio taping + combined chain exercises and combined chain exercises were both effective but Kinesio taping plus combined chain exercises was more effective in the management of individuals with knee osteoarthritis., Trial Registration: Pan African Clinical Trial Registry: PACTR201810603949411., Competing Interests: Financial disclosure statements have been obtained, and no conflicts of interest have been reported by the authors or by any individuals in control of the content of this article., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Study Design: Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and psychometric testing., Objective: To translate, cross-culturally adapt, and validate the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and the Global Rating of Change Scale (GRCS) into Hausa language., Summary of Background Data: The NPRS and GRCS are commonly used patient-reported outcome measures in a variety of pain-related conditions including low back pain. To date, neither the NPRS nor GROC are available in Hausa language., Methods: The Hausa versions of the NPRS (NPRS-H) and GRCS (GRCS-H) were developed using recommended guidelines. The final versions were then administered to 120 patients with chronic low back pain to access their psychometric properties. Reliability assessment included calculations of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and minimal detectable change among the stable group. Construct validity and concurrent validity were assessed using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Internal responsiveness was assessed using mean change scores, standardized effect size, and standard response mean. Receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted to determine the external responsiveness of the NPRS-H using the area under the curve, and minimal important change for small, medium, and large improvements. Outcome measures consisted of the Visual Analogue Scale for pain and Oswestry Disability Index., Results: The NPRS-H and GRCS-H were successfully developed. High test-retest reliability was demonstrated for both the NPRS-H (ICC = 0.95) and GRCS-H (ICC = 0.94) with minimal detectable change points of 1.0 and 1.2 respectively. The scales showed moderate to strong correlation with the Visual Analogue Scale for pain and Oswestry Disability Index. The mean change of the NPRS-H scores correlated moderately with the GRCS-H. Both scales demonstrated good internal responsiveness. External responsiveness of the NPRS-H was demonstrated at three levels with area under the curve  = 0.875 to 0.972, and minimal important change  = 2.5 to 3.5., Conclusions: The NPRS and GRCS were successfully adapted into Hausa language with acceptable reliability, validity, and responsiveness. These measures are appropriate for clinical and research use among Hausa-speaking patients., Level of Evidence: 2.

Study Design: Validation of a translated, culturally adapted questionnaire., Objective: To translate the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) version 2.1a into Hausa Language and to validate its use in a cohort of patients with low back pain (LBP)., Summary of Background Data: The ODI is one of the most commonly used condition-specific questionnaires for assessing functional disability in patients with LBP, yet, no formal cross-culturally adapted and validated Hausa version exists., Methods: The Hausa version of the ODI 2.1a (ODI-H) was developed according to established guidelines. Validation was performed among 200 patients with LBP recruited from both rural and urban Nigeria. Reliability was assessed using internal consistency (Cronbach α), test-retest reliability by computing intraclass correlation coefficient, standard error of measurement, and minimal detectable change. Convergent validity was assessed by correlating the ODI-H with Visual Analogue Scale for pain, Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire, and finger-floor distance test. Divergent validity was assessed by correlating the ODI-H with age, educational level, and occupational status. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis were also performed. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed with three models: 1) one-factor theory-driven model, 2) two-factor theory-driven model (dynamic and static factors), and 3) a model based on our EFA., Results: The ODI-H had high internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.87) and excellent test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient  = 0.937) with standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change being 3.69 and 10.2 respectively. The construct validity (convergent and divergent validity) is supported as all (6:6, 100%) the a priori hypotheses were confirmed. The EFA yielded a two-factor model explaining 54.3% of the total variance but demonstrated poor fit. The one-factor and two-factor theory-driven model had acceptable fit but the one-factor theory-driven model was better., Conclusion: The ODI-H version 2.1a was transculturally equivalent, reliable, and valid tool for assessing functional disability among Hausa-speaking patients with LBP. The use of this tool can be recommended for future clinical and research purposes., Level of Evidence: 3.