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We report the first quantitative systematic review of cerebrovascular disease in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to provide occurrence rates and associated mortality. Through a comprehensive search of PubMed we identified 8 cohort studies, 5 case series, and 2 case reports of acute cerebrovascular disease in patients with confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis. Our first meta-analysis utilizing the identified publications focused on comorbid cerebrovascular disease in recovered and deceased patients with COVID-19. We performed 3 additional meta-analyses of proportions to produce point estimates of the mortality and incidence of acute cerebrovascular disease in COVID-19 patients. Patient's with COVID-19 who died were 12.6 times more likely to have a history of cerebrovascular disease. We estimated an occurrence rate of 2.6% (95% confidence interval, 1.2-5.4%) for acute cerebrovascular disease among consecutively admitted patients with COVID-19. While for those with severe COVID-19' we estimated an occurrence rate of 6.5% (95% confidence interval, 4.4-9.6%). Our analysis estimated a rate of 35.5% for in-hospital mortality among COVID-19 patients with concomitant acute cerebrovascular disease. This was consistent with a mortality rate of 34.0% which we obtained through an individual patient analysis of 47 patients derived from all available case reports and case series. COVID-19 patients with either acute or chronic cerebrovascular disease have a high mortality rate with higher occurrence of cerebrovascular disease in patients with severe COVID-19., Competing Interests: Disclosure: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. There is no funding to report. The final manuscript has been approved by all authors. This manuscript has not been published elsewhere and is not under consideration by another journal. As this is a systematic review, human subjects were not involved in this study and approval from our Institutional Review Board was waived. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors., (Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The increased rate of suicide associated with epilepsy has been described, but no studies have reported the rates of suicide and suicide-related behavior (SRB) associated with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNESs)., Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from October 2002 to October 2017 within Veterans Health Administration services. Of 801,734 veterans, 0.09% had PNES, 1.37% had epilepsy, and 98.5% had no documented seizures. Veterans coded for completed suicide, suicide attempts, and suicidal ideation were identified from electronic health records. The primary measure was the suicide-specific standardized mortality ratio (SMR) based on the number of suicide deaths and CDC national suicide mortality database. A Poisson regression was used to calculate the relative risk (RR) of suicide across groups., Results: A total of 1,870 veterans (mean age [SD] 33.76 [7.81] years) completed suicide. Veterans with PNES (RR = 1.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.84-4.24) and veterans with epilepsy (RR = 2.19, 95% CI 2.10-2.28) had a higher risk of suicide compared with the general veteran population. Veterans with PNES or epilepsy had a higher risk of suicide and SRB if they had comorbid alcohol abuse, illicit drug abuse, major depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and use of psychotropic medications. Conversely, those who were married or attained higher education were at a decreased risk. The SMR for completed suicide for PNES, epilepsy, and the comparison group was 2.65 (95% CI 1.95-5.52), 2.04 (95% CI 1.60-2.55), and 0.70 (95% CI 0.67-0.74), respectively., Conclusions: Veterans with seizures (both psychogenic and epileptic) are at a greater risk of death by suicide and SRB than the comparison group. These findings suggest that although the pathophysiology of PNES and epilepsy is different, the negative impact of seizures is evident in the psychosocial outcomes in both groups., (© 2021 American Academy of Neurology.)

Bilateral oophorectomy was used to treat 601 patients with disseminated breast carcinoma from 1974-1984. The total response rate was 31.2%. Complete regression occurred in 10.5% of patients and partial regression occurred in 20.8%, whereas 28.3% of patients showed no change and the disease progressed in 36.9% of patients. The patients who had a total regression had good survival rates (60.8% at 5 years and 47.3% at 7 years). No significant differences were found in the various age groups or with different types of dissemination. Patients with syncronous primary carcinoma and distant metastases had a high rate of regression as did patients with slow-growing carcinomas that metastasized many years after primary treatment. Estrogen receptor (ER) rates were good indicators of response only when determined on metastatic tissue at the time of oophorectomy. The value of ER determined on the primary tumor was of limited predictivity of response. A total of 220 patients received chemotherapy before oophorectomy. In this group the response rate was 22.3%, lower than that observed in patients who did not receive chemotherapy (36.6%). No important differences in total response rates were found among patients with amenorrhea and without amenorrhea although total regressions were more frequent in the latter patients than in the former patients.

The risk of internal mammary chain metastases according to some parameters and its prognostic relevance was evaluated on the basis of the experience collected at the National Cancer Institute of Milan where, from January 1965 to December 1980, 1085 patients were submitted to Halsted mastectomy plus internal mammary chain dissection. A multivariate analysis was carried out, resorting to a multiple linear regression with logistic transformation of the dependent variable. The selection of prognostic factors has been performed with a step-down approach. The frequency of metastases to internal mammary chain nodes was evaluated according to four criteria: age, site and size of primary tumor, and presence of axillary metastases. Data of this series indicate that the frequency of internal mammary node metastases is significantly associated with the age of the patients (younger patients have a higher risk) (p = 0.006) with the size of primary tumor (p = 0.006) with the presence of axillary node metastases (p = 10(-9). Patients with both axillary and internal mammary positive nodes have a very poor prognosis (10-year survival 37.3%) while patients with either axillary metastases only or internal mammary metastases only have an intermediate less grave prognosis (59.6% and 62.4%, respectively). As regards the risk of internal mammary nodes involvement, it appears that knowing the age, the size, and the axillary nodes status, it is possible to calculate with good approximation the probability of their invasion.

The results of the analysis carried out on data on 1119 patients with operable breast cancer treated at the National Cancer Institute of Milan from 1965 to 1979 with enlarged mastectomy are reported. Metastases to internal mammary chain were found to be significantly associated with the maximum diameter of primary (16.1% for tumors less than 2 cm and 24.5% for larger tumors, p = 0.007), the age of the patients (27.6% in patients younger than 40 years, 19.7% in patients between 41-50 years, and 15.6% in patients older than 50 years, p = 0.01). The site of origin of the cancer had no impact on internal mammary node metastases. Patients with positive axillary nodes showed metastases to internal mammary nodes in 29.1% of the cases, while 9.1% of patients with axillary negative nodes had positive retrosternal nodes. Survival was significantly affected by the presence of positive internal mammary nodes: the percentage of 10-year survival varied from 80.4% in patients with axillary and internal mammary negative nodes to 30.0% in patients with both nodal basins involved. Intermediate survival rates (54.6% and 53.0%) were found when one or the other of the nodal stations (axillary and internal mammary) was separately affected. Maximum diameter of the primary significantly affected the survival of each group identified by the status of both axillary and internal mammary nodes. In conclusion, the information on the presence or absence of internal mammary node metastases would be of great importance in formulating the prognosis of breast cancer patients. To obtain this information, a biopsy at the first intercostal space may be reasonable in selected patients (age, maximum diameter, and axillary node involvement being the basis for selection) as long as noninvasive methods of diagnosis are available.