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Alicea, SK, Parrott, AD, Manos, TM, and Kwon, YS. Comparison of the affective responses to continuous training and high-intensity interval training protocols: application of the dual-mode model. J Strength Cond Res 35(11): 3069–3075, 2021—High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is time-efficient and has physiological benefits similar to or greater than that of continuous training (CT); however, there are mixed results regarding how HIIT protocols influence affect. The purpose of this study was to compare acute affective responses between HIIT and CT protocols over time using the Dual-Mode Model (DMM) as a theoretical framework. Subjects included 12 healthy women (aged 19–28 years) who completed a HIIT protocol consisting of a 2-minute work interval (100% V̇ o 2max) followed by a 2-minute rest interval (∼55% V̇ o 2max), and a CT protocol set at the workrate corresponding to their respiratory compensation point (RCP; ∼80% V̇ o 2max). Protocols were matched for average intensity, total duration, and energy expenditure. After blood pressure, anthropometrics, body composition, and V̇ o 2max measurements were taken, responses were recorded for affect (Feeling Scale [FS]), arousal (Felt Arousal Scale [FAS]), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) before each protocol, during the last 10 seconds of every 2 minutes during the protocol, and at time points 2, 5, and 10 minutes after the protocol. Heart rate was also monitored continuously, and exercise enjoyment was measured before and after exercise. A repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed no significant differences in affect between CT (M = 2.5, SD = 2.1) and HIIT (M = 2.6, SD = 2.1) protocols over the duration of the exercise. There were no significant differences in mean RPE between CT (M = 12.9, SD = 2.7) and HIIT (M = 13.0, SD = 1.9) protocols (t = 0.333, p = 0.745) or in enjoyment between CT (M = 2.3, SD = 1.1) and HIIT (M = 2.0, SD = 0.9) protocols (t = −0.288, p = 0.492). In addition, based on visual inspection, the general patterning of the mean FS and FAS values between HIIT and CT was similar within the circumplex model, supporting the DMM. In conclusion, a HIIT protocol at V̇ o 2max and 1:1 exercise:rest interval did not result in a different affect response, perceived exertion, or enjoyment level when compared with a CT protocol at RCP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hernandez, DJ, Healy, S, Giacomini, ML, and Kwon, YS. Effect of rest interval duration on the volume completed during a high-intensity bench press exercise. J Strength Cond Res 35(11): 2981–2987, 2021—Between-set rest intervals (RIs) are one of the most important variables in resistance training; however, no known research has investigated the effects of RIs greater than 5 minutes during high-intensity strength training. The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of 3 different RIs on repetition sustainability and training volume (sets × reps × resistance) during a high-intensity bench press exercise. Fifteen resistance-trained male subjects (mean ± SD , age = 25.5 ± 4.5 years, and bench press 1 repetition maximum [1RM] ratio [1RM/body mass] = 1.39 ± 0.1) completed 3 experimental sessions, during which 4 sets of the bench press were performed with 85% of 1RM load. Subjects performed the bench press using 3 different RIs in a random counterbalanced design. Data were analyzed using both a one- and two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. As sets progressed, repetitions were significantly different (p < 0.05) between all RIs, and only the 8-minute RI (p < 0.05) allowed for the complete sustainability of repetitions over 4 consecutive sets. Subjects attained the greatest training volume (p < 0.05) using an 8-minute RI between sets compared with a 2- or 5-minute RI. Similarly, a significantly greater training volume was achieved using the 5-minute RI compared with the 2-minute RI. Resistance-trained men, with the goal of greater volume during strength training, would benefit from longer RIs, specifically using an 8-minute RI between 4 consecutive sets of a bench press exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the risk implication of high-intensity bench press exercise and the benefits of personal cooling. It elaborates the methods in personal cooling which induce an ergogenic effect during short-term exercise like heat extraction from the palm. It reports the scientific findings to the implication of palm cooling during rest intervals between weight training sets which increases total repetitions and exercise volume that resulted to reverse temporarily the fatigue mechanism during intense sets of exercise.

BACKGROUND Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) has been applied successfully to treat masseteric hypertrophy, but it can cause muscle weakness. OBJECTIVE To measure the change in maximum bite force (MBF) after BTX-A injection into the human masseter muscle and to evaluate the influence of a booster (repeated) injection. METHODS Thirty volunteers completed 18-week follow-up, and MBF was measured. At 18 weeks after the first injection, a booster injection was given to 14 patients, and they were followed up until 18 weeks from the booster injection. RESULTS Mean MBF was approximately 20% lower at 2 weeks than before the injection, and it recovered gradually after 4 weeks to return to the preinjection level at 12 weeks. MBF differed significantly between before the injection and at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after the injection ( p<.05). In the booster injection group ( n=14), MBF was markedly lower at 6 weeks ( p<.05), and it recovered gradually in 12 weeks. CONCLUSION MBF was significantly lower after booster injection of BTX-A into the human masseter muscle, but it gradually recovered in a predictable pattern, and the degree of discomfort experienced by the subjects had little effect on normal mastication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We previously reported that the modified Anaerobic Speed Test (mAST) is a valid and reliable measure of an anaerobic capacity that can be administered on commercial treadmills. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop normative reference values for mAST, an anaerobic capacity test that can be administered and completed on a commercial treadmill. The mAST (15% grade and 244.0 m/min speed for men and 214.6 m/min speed for women) has been created as one of the only protocols based on the original AST protocol (20% grade and 214.6 m/min speed for men and 187.8 m/min speed for women). However, no percentile norms currently exist for the mAST protocols, limiting their usefulness and interpretation of results. This study presents normative values for active healthy adults ages 18-29, separated by sex. METHODS: We recruited 276 healthy subjects for this study: 161 males (mean±SD, age=23 ± 3 yr, height= 178±7cm, body mass=80±10kg) and 115 females (age=22±3 yr, height=165±7cm, body mass=65±10kg) aged 20 to 29 years. All mASTs were completed on a motorized commercial gym setting treadmill for determination of subjects' time (seconds) and total work (kJ). RESULTS: Time until fatigue was 47 ± 10 sec for women and 38 ± 13 seconds for men. Women fatigued at 80.8% of the total time men did (p < .05). Total work for women (12.8 ± 4.3kJ) was 57.1% of the values observed in men (22.4 ± 5.53 kJ) (p < .05). Women's mass corrected work (0.20 ± 0.070 kJ/kg) was 71.0% of men (0.28 ± 0.06 kJ/kg) (p < .05). Normative reference value tables were generated for time and both absolute (kJ) and relative values (kJ/kg) for total work (Table 1). CONCLUSIONS: The norms for time and total work produced from this study are considerably practical because of the use of both male and female active healthy populations and the use of a commercial treadmill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]