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The electrification and digitalization of our society has propelled the demand for energy storage solutions. High-end technologies have been developed to satisfy the requirements of demanding applications, such as electromobility and portable consumer electronics, which also increasingly find markets for less demanding applications. These markets include grid and domestic energy storage, as well as Internet of Things (IoT). However, using high-end technologies for low-end applications is a waste of resources that puts unnecessary stress on the supply lines. Thus, more low-cost cost and environmentally friendly alternative technologies are sought, among which renewable biobased materials derived from agriculture and forestry play a prominent role. The dominant chemical constituents in plants, cellulose and lignin, exhibit some intriguing electrochemical and colloidal properties. Cellulose has been found to efficiently stabilize various electronic materials, whereas lignin can be used as an electronic material itself. Lignocellulosic materials also open for papermaking as an alternative manufacturing approach. Taking the step to using papermaking methods is, however, a bit far from the technology readiness level, as the vast majority of the research on paper electrodes is based on nanocellulose. The material properties of such nanopapers are indeed extraordinary, but the lack of large-scale production methods for nanopapers is a serious challenge. To circumvent this obstacle and find a shortcut to the realization of paper electrodes, this thesis has turned to conventional papermaking techniques. Fibres are essentially different to nanofibrils by their difference in size, and the papermaking process requires careful composition of the formulations. Thus, as the research on nanopaper electrodes cannot be directly translated into conventional papermaking techniques, this calls for separate studies on fibre-based systems. This thesis is based on four separate works carrie

This special section is composed of substantially extended handpicked papers from the IEEE Nordic Circuits and Systems Conference (NorCAS) 2022 that took place in October 2022 in Oslo, Norway.

Printed electronic paper identifies its interest in flexible organic electronics and sustainable and clean energy applications because of its straightforward production method, cost-effectiveness, and positive environmental impact. However, current limitations include restricted material thickness and the use of supporting substrate for printing. Here, 2D and 3D electronic patterned paper are fabricated from direct ink writing (DIW) nanocellulose and PEDOT:PSS-based materials using syringe deposition and 3D printing. The conductor patterns are integrated in the bulk of the paper, while non-conductive sections are used as support to form free-standing paper. The strong interface between the patterns of electronic patterned paper gives mechanical stability for practical handling. The conductive paper-based electrode has 202 S cm(-1) and is capable of handling electric current up to 0.7 A, which can be used for high-power devices. Printed supercapacitor papers show high specific energy of 4.05 Wh kg(-1), specific power of 4615 W kg(-1) at 0.06 A g(-1), and capacitance retention above 95% after 2000 cycles. The new design structure of electronic patterned papers presents a solution for additive manufacturing of paper-based composites for supercapacitors, wearable electronics, or sensors for smart packaging.

The rise of paper electronics has been accelerated due to the public push for sustainability. Electronic waste can potentially be avoided if certain materials in electronic components can be substituted for greener alternatives such as paper. Within this report, it is demonstrated that conductive polymers poly(3,4-ethylenedoxythiophene) (PEDOT), polypyrrole, and polythiophene, can be synthesized by screen printing combined with vapor phase polymerization on paper substrates and further incorporated into functional electronic components. High patterning resolution (100 mu m) is achieved for all conductive polymers, with PEDOT showing impressive sheet resistance values. PEDOT is incorporated as conductive circuitry and as the active material in all-printed electrochromic displays. The conductive polymer circuits allow for functional light emitting diodes, while the electrochromic displays are comparable to commercial displays utilizing PEDOT on plastic substrates., Funding Agencies|Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research [EM16-0002]; Vinnova for the Digital Cellulose Center [2016-05193]; European Union [101008701]

The transition to a sustainable society is driving the development of green electronic solutions designed to have a minimal environmental impact. One promising route to achieve this goal is to construct electronics from biobased materials like cellulose, which is carbon neutral, non‐toxic, and recyclable. This is especially true for internet‐of‐things devices, which are rapidly growing in number and are becoming embedded in every aspect of our lives. Here, paper‐based sensor circuits are demonstrated, which use triboelectric pressure sensors to help elderly people communicate with the digital world using an interface in the form of an electronic “book”, which is more intuitive to them. The sensors are manufactured by screen printing onto flexible paper substrates, using in‐house developed cellulose‐based inks with non‐hazardous solvents. The triboelectric sensor signal, generated by the contact between a finger and chemically modified cellulose, can reach several volts, which can be registered by a portable microcontroller card and transmitted by Bluetooth to any device with an internet connection. Apart from the microcontroller (which can be easily removed), the whole system can be recycled at the end of life. A triboelectric touch interface, manufactured using printed electronics on flexible paper substrates, using cellulose‐based functional inks is demonstrated. These metal‐free green electronics circuits are implemented in an “electronic book” demonstrator, equipped with wireless communication that can control remote devices, as a step toward sustainable and recyclable internet‐of‐things devices., The authors would like to acknowledge funding from Vinnova through theD igital Cellulose Competence Center (DCC), Diary number 2016–05193, the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (Smart Intra-body network; grant RIT15-0119), and the Norrköping municipality fund for research and development (Accessibility and remembering – storytelling and innovative media use in elderly care homes, 2020. Grant: KS 2020/0345). The work was also supported by Treesearch.se. The authors thank Patrik Isacsson and co-workers at Ahlstrom Munksjö for providing the paper substrates and for valuable know-how as part of the collaboration within DCC, as well as Erik Gabrielsson, Daniel Simon, Elisabet Cedersund, and Lars Herlogsson for their involvement in the work on the original Mediabook platform.

This work demonstrates sensitive and low-cost piezoelectric sensors on skin-friendly, ultrathin, and conformable substrates combined with organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) for the detection and amplification of alternating low-voltage input signals. The fully screen-printed (SP) piezoelectric sensors were manufactured on commercially available tattoo paper substrates, while the all-printed OECTs, relying on an extended gate electrode architecture, were manufactured either by solely using SP or by combining SP and aerosol jet printing (AJP) on PET substrates. Applying a low-voltage signal (+/- 25 mV) to the gate electrode of the SP+AJP OECT results in approximately five times higher current modulation as compared to the fully SP reference OECT. The tattoo paper-based substrate enables transfer of the SP piezoelectric sensor to the skin, which in turn allows for radial pulse monitoring when combined with the SP+AJP OECT; this is possible due to the ability of the conformable sensor to convert mechanical vibrations into voltage signals along with the highly sensitive current modulation ability of the transistor device to further amplify the output signal. The results reported herein pave the way toward all-printed fully conformable wearable devices with high sensitivity to be further utilized for the real-time monitoring of electrophysiological signals., Funding Agencies|HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions [825339, 964677]; European Union

The global efforts in electrifying our society drive the demand for low-cost and sustainable energy storage solutions. In the present work, a novel material concept was investigated to enable fabrication of several 10 meter-long rolls of supercapacitor paper electrodes on a pilot-scale paper machine. The material concept was based on cationized, cellulose-rich wood-derived fibres, conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS, and activated carbon filler particles. Cationic fibres saturated with anionic PEDOT:PSS provide a conducting scaffold hosting the activated carbon, which functions as the active charge-storage material. The response from further additives was systematically investigated for several critical paper properties. Cellulose nanofibrils were found to improve mechanical properties, while carbon black enhanced both the conductivity and the storage capacity of the activated carbon, reaching a specific capacitance of 67 F g(-1). This pilot trial shows that "classical" papermaking methods are fit for the purpose and provides valuable insights on how to further advance bio-based energy storage solutions for large-scale applications., Funding Agencies|Swedish Innovation Agency VINNOVA [2016-05193]; Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research [GMT14-0058]

Kundundersökningar har visat att det undersökta pappersbruket bör förbättra sina leveransledtider. En lösning för detta anses vara en förändring av nuvarande produktionsstrategi. Den nuvarande produktionsstrategin är kundorderproduktion och de alternativa strategierna som kommer att undersökas under studien är lagerorderproduktion och hybridsystem. Syftet med studien är att undersöka, jämföra och analysera olika produktionsstrategier (lagerorderproduktion, kundorderproduktion och hybridsystem) samt att utvärdera deras inverkan på lagerstyrningen. För att uppnå syftet har studien baserats på tre frågeställningar: Vilka för- och nackdelar har produktionsstrategierna på färdigvarulagret samt vilka nyckeltal behöver identifieras? Vilka problem gällande produktion- och lagerstyrning stöter en produktionsplanerare i ett pappersbruk på? Vilken påverkan har produktionsstrategierna på färdigvarulagret hos det undersökta pappersbruket utifrån identifierade nyckeltal. Frågeställningarna besvarades genom att utföra en litteraturstudie om olika produktionsstrategier och lagerstyrning. Med hjälp av litteraturstudien har lämpliga nyckeltal identifierats för att analysera inverkan på lagerstyrning. Utöver litteraturstudien har intervjuer utförts för att skapa en bredare förståelse kring hur det undersökta pappersbruket i helhet ser på produktionsstrategier och dess inverkan på lagerstyrning. Slutligen utfördes en deskriptiv analys för att beräkna de identifierade nyckeltalen. Resultatet från första frågeställningen visade att olika produktionsstrategier kan bidra med olika för- och nackdelar. Dessutom anses en fördel vara en bidragande faktor till en nackdel, exempelvis för hybridsystem kan en förbättring av leveranstider medföra till problem med lagerfyllning. Det är viktigt att även ta hänsyn till hur marknaden ser ut och vilka faktorer som kan påverka samt vad kunderna efterfrågar. Resultatet från andra frågeställningen presenterade tre sammanfattande problem från de utförda int, Examensarbetet är utfört vid Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap (ITN) vid Tekniska fakulteten, Linköpings universitet

Recently, an article by Seneff et al. entitled "Innate immunosuppression by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations: The role of G-quadruplexes, exosomes, and MicroRNAs" was published in Food and Chemical Toxicology (FCT). Here, we describe why this article, which contains unsubstantiated claims and misunderstandings such as "billions of lives are potentially at risk" with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, is problematic and should be retracted. We report here our request to the editor of FCT to have our rebuttal published, unfortunately rejected after three rounds of reviewing. Fighting the spread of false information requires enormous effort while receiving little or no credit for this necessary work, which often even ends up being threatened. This need for more scientific integrity is at the heart of our advocacy, and we call for large support, especially from editors and publishers, to fight more effectively against deadly disinformation.

In this work, we demonstrate an effective anion capturing in an aqueous medium using a highly porous carbon paper decorated with ZnO nanorods. A sol-gel technique was first employed to form a thin and compact seed layer of ZnO nanoparticles on the dense network of carbon fibers in the carbon paper. Subsequently, ZnO nanorods were successfully grown on the pre-seeded carbon papers using inexpensive chemical bath deposition. The prepared porous electrodes were electrochemically investigated for improved charge storage and stability under long-term operational conditions. The results show effective capacitive deionization with a maximum areal capacitance of 2 mF/cm(2), an energy consumption of 50 kJ per mole of chlorine ions, and an excellent long-term stability of the fabricated C-ZnO electrodes. The experimental results are supported by COMSOL simulations. Besides the demonstrated capacitive desalination application, our results can directly be used to realize suitable electrodes for energy storage in supercapacitors., Funding Agencies|AForsk Foundation [19-725]; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University [2009-00971]; Lund University

Early warning systems detect new psychoactive substances (NPS), while dedicated monitoring programs and routine drug and toxicology testing identify fluctuations in prevalence. We report the increasing prevalence of the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist (SCRA) ADB-BUTINACA (N-[1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-1-butyl-1H-indazole-3-carbox-amide). ADB-BUTINACA was first detected in a seizure in Sweden in 2019, and we report its detection in 13 routine Swedish forensic toxicology cases soon after. In January 2021, ADB-BUTINACA was detected in SCRA-infused papers seized in Scottish prisons and has rapidly increased in prevalence, being detected in 60.4% of the SCRA-infused papers tested between January and July 2021. In this work, ADB-BUTINACA was incubated with human hepatocytes (HHeps), and 21 metabolites were identified in vitro, 14 being detected in authentic case samples. The parent drug and metabolites B9 (mono-hydroxylation on the n-butyl tail) and B16 (mono-hydroxylation on the indazole ring) are recommended biomarkers in blood, while metabolites B4 (dihydrodiol formation on the indazole core), B9, and B16 are suitable biomarkers in urine. ADB-4en-PINACA (N-[1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-1-[pent-4-en-1-yl]-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide) was detected in Scottish prisons in December 2020, but, unlike ADB-BUTINACA, prevalence has remained low. ADB-4en-PINACA was incubated with HHeps, and 11 metabolites were identified. Metabolites E3 (dihydrodiol formed in the tail moiety) and E7 (hydroxylation on the linked/head group) are the most abundant metabolites in vitro and are suggested as urinary biomarkers. The in vitro potencies of ADB-BUTINACA (EC50, 11.5 nM and ADB-4en-PINACA (EC50, 11.6 nM) are similar to that of MDMB-4en-PINACA (EC50, 4.3 nM). A third tert-leucinamide SCRA, ADB-HEXINACA was also detected in prison samples and warrants further investigation., Funding Agencies|Linkopings Universitet; Dubai Police Force [2427681]; Leverhulme TrustLeverhulme Trust [RC-2015-01]; Scottish Prison Service [01865]; Linkoping University; VINNOVAVinnova [2019-03566]; European CommissionEuropean CommissionEuropean Commission Joint Research Centre [E! 113377]

Printed paper-based electronics offers solutions to rising energy concerns by supplying flexible, environmentally friendly, low-cost infrastructure for portable and wearable electronics. Herein, we demonstrate a scalable spray-coating approach to fabricate tailored paper poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/cellulose nanofibril (CNF) electrodes for all-printed supercapacitors. Layer-by-layer spray deposition was used to achieve high-quality electrodes with optimized electrode thickness. The morphology of these electrodes was analyzed using advanced X-ray scattering methods, revealing that spray-coated electrodes have smaller agglomerations, resulting in a homogeneous film, ultimately suggesting a better electrode manufacturing method than drop-casting. The printed paper-based supercapacitors exhibit an areal capacitance of 9.1 mF/cm(2), which provides enough energy to power electrochromic indicators. The measured equivalent series resistance (ESR) is as low as 0.3 Omega, due to improved contact and homogeneous electrodes. In addition, a demonstrator in the form of a self-powered wearable wristband is shown, where a large-area (90 cm(2)) supercapacitor is integrated with a flexible solar cell and charged by ambient indoor light. This demonstration shows the tremendous potential for sequential coating/printing methods in the scaling up of printed wearables and self-sustaining systems., Funding Agencies|Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Wallenberg Wood Science Center); Onnesjo Foundation; EU SYMPHONY project (H2020) [862095]; DESY Strategic Fund (DSF)

Appropriate evaluation and experimental design are fundamental for empirical sciences, particularly in data-driven fields. Due to the successes in computational modeling of languages, for instance, research outcomes are having an increasingly immediate impact on end users. As the gap in adoption by end users decreases, the need increases to ensure that tools and models developed by the research communities and practitioners are reliable, trustworthy, and supportive of the users in their goals. In this position paper, we focus on the issues of evaluating visual text analytics approaches. We take an interdisciplinary perspective from the visualization and natural language processing communities, as we argue that the design and validation of visual text analytics include concerns beyond computational or visual/interactive methods on their own. We identify four key groups of challenges for evaluating visual text analytics approaches (data ambiguity, experimental design, user trust, and "big picture" concerns) and provide suggestions for research opportunities from an interdisciplinary perspective.

Acute intoxication incidents due to neurotoxic organophosphate (OP) insecticides are occasionally reported, related either to suicidal attempts or occupational exposure due to the misuse of protective equipment. Among them, chlorpyrifos is a compound related to great controversy, which is still authorized and easily accessible in many countries around the world. However, to screen for its exposure markers, instrumental methods are commonly applied, which cannot enable rapid monitoring at an early stage of an intoxication. Therefore, in this study, a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (mu PAD) able to rapidly screen for chlorpyrifos-oxon, the toxic chlorpyrifos metabolite, in human serum was developed and fully validated. The mu PAD combines wax-printed butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) paper sensors, a lab-on-a-chip (LOC) prototype injector and a smartphone as the analytical detector. In principle, the wax-printed strips with adsorbed BChE are embedded into LOC injectors able to deliver samples and reagents on-demand. A smartphone reader was used to monitor the color development on the strips providing binary qualitative results. mu PAD method performance characteristics were thoroughly evaluated in terms of specificity, detection capability (CC beta) and ruggedness. The developed analytical platform is rapid (results within 10 min), cost-efficient (0.70 (sic)), potentially applicable at the point-of-need and attained a low CC beta (10 mu g L-1 in human serum). Finally, mu PAD characteristics were critically compared to wellestablished methods, namely an in-house BChE microplate assay and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry., Funding Agencies|European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grantEuropean Union (EU) [720325]; METROFOOD-CZ research infrastructure project (MEYS Grant) [LM2018100]; [A2_FPBT_2020_013]

The pulp and paper industry faces several challenges linked to climate and environmental impact, resource efficiency, rising energy prices, increased competition for biomass resources, and declining demand for traditional printed paper products. However, these challenges also offer strategic opportunities for the industry to develop into a competitive, resource-efficient, and low-carbon industry in line with a biobased economy. Against this background, this paper aims to analyse current energy strategies in the pulp and paper industry in Sweden. Specifically, the paper analyses how companies combine continuous process efficiency to reduce energy costs with activities that could be developed into new energy-related products to increase revenue. Most of the analysed companies work to various degrees with both these strategies, employing methods that include improving energy efficiency, energy security, and energy conversion, as well as developing a wide range of biobased energy products. However, our study indicates that there is an untapped potential associated with energy product development, and we conclude that energy efficiency measures can free up resources, enabling the development of new energy products. Finally, several potential managerial outcomes and implications are outlined., Funding: Swedish Energy AgencySwedish Energy Agency [423441]

Ultrathin devices are rapidly developing for skin-compatible medical applications and wearable electronics. Powering skin-interfaced electronics requires thin and lightweight energy storage devices, where solution-processing enables scalable fabrication. To attain such devices, a sequential deposition is employed to achieve all spray-coated symmetric microsupercapacitors (mu SCs) on ultrathin parylene C substrates, where both electrode and gel electrolyte are based on the cheap and abundant biopolymer, cellulose. The optimized spraying procedure allows an overall device thickness of approximate to 11 mu m to be obtained with a 40% active material volume fraction and a resulting volumetric capacitance of 7 F cm(-3). Long-term operation capability (90% of capacitance retention after 10(4) cycles) and mechanical robustness are achieved (1000 cycles, capacitance retention of 98%) under extreme bending (rolling) conditions. Finite element analysis is utilized to simulate stresses and strains in real-sized mu SCs under different bending conditions. Moreover, an organic electrochromic display is printed and powered with two serially connected mu-SCs as an example of a wearable, skin-integrated, fully organic electronic application., Funding Agencies|European Research Council (ERC) under the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation programEuropean Research Council (ERC) [949191]; city council of Brno, Czech Republic

Circular economy aims at reducing value loss and avoiding waste, by circulating material or productparts before they become waste. Today, lack of support for sharing data in a secure, quality assured, andautomated way is one of the main obstacles that industry actors point to when attempting to create newcircular value networks. Together with using different terminologies and not having explicit definitions ofthe concepts that appear in data, this makes it very difficult to create new ecosystems of actors in Europetoday. A solution to these challenges needs to leverage open standards for semantic data interoperabilityin establishing a shared vocabulary (ontology network) for data documentation, as well as create adecentralized digital platform that enables collaboration in a secure and confidentiality-preservingmanner. This vocabulary can then be used to construct digital twins of circular value networks to furtherenable open collaboration. Once defined, the blueprints of these digital twins will be reusable as templatesand can be reused with a different set of actors, or used within a different industry domain. This visionincludes a number of open research problems, including the development of ontologies that need to modela wide range of different materials and products, not only providing vertical interoperability but alsohorizontal interoperability, for cross-industry value networks. As well as transdisciplinary research onmethods to find, analyse and assess new circular value chain configurations, and form their decentralizeddigital twins. The solutions will allow for automation of planning, management, and execution of circularvalue networks, at a European scale, and beyond. Thereby supporting the acceleration of the digitaland green transitions, automating the discovery and formation of new collaborations in the circulareconomy.

Eco-friendly and cost-effective materials and processes to manufacture functional substrates are crucial to further advance the area of printed electronics. One potential key component in the printed electronics platform is an electrically functionalized paper, produced by simply mixing common cellulosic pulp fibers with high-performance electroactive materials. Herein, an electronic paper including nanographite has been prepared using a standardized and scalable papermaking technique. No retention aid was needed to achieve a conducting nanographite loading as high as 50 wt %. The spontaneous retention that provides the integrity and stability of the nanographite paper, likely originates partially from an observed water-stable adhesion of nanographite flakes onto the fiber surfaces. The resulting paper exhibits excellent electrical characteristics, such as an in-plane conductivity of 107 S/cm and an areal capacitance of 9.2 mF/cm(2), and was explored as the back-electrode in printed electrochromic displays., Funding Agencies|Digital Cellulose Centre, a competence center set up by the Swedish Innovation Agency VINNOVA; consortium of Swedish forest industries; Wallenberg Wood Science Center (Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation); VINNOVA "EPIC" projectVinnova [2017-05413]; Karl-Erik Onnesjo Foundation

Flexible electronics have gained more attention for emerging electronic devices such as sensors, biosensors, and batteries with advantageous properties including being thin, lightweight, flexible, and low-cost. The development of various forms of allotropic carbon papers provided a new dry-manufacturing route for the fabrication of flexible and wearable electronics, while the electrochemical performance and the bending stability are largely influenced by the bulk morphology and the micro-/nanostructured domains of the carbon papers. Here, we evaluate systematically the intrinsic physicoelectrochemical properties of allotropic carbon-based conducting papers as flexible electrodes including carbon-nanotubes-paper (CNTs-paper), graphene-paper (GR-paper), and carbon-fiber-paper (CF-paper), followed by functionalization of the allotropic carbon papers for the fabrication of flexible electrodes. The morphology, chemical structure, and defects originating from the allotropic nanostructured carbon materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy, followed by evaluating the electrochemical performance of the corresponding flexible electrodes by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electron-transfer rate constants of the CNTs-paper and GR-paper electrodes were similar to 14 times higher compared with the CF-paper electrode. The CNTs-paper and GR-paper electrodes composed of nanostructured carbon showed significantly higher bending stabilities of 5.61 and 4.96 times compared with the CF-paper. The carbon-paper flexible electrodes were further functionalized with an inorganic catalyst, Prussian blue (PB), forming the PB-carbon-paper catalytic electrode and an organic conducting polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), forming the PEDOT-carbon-paper capacitive electrode. The intrinsic attribute of different allotropic carbon electrodes affects the deposition of PB and PEDOT, leading to different ele, Funding Agencies|Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Research CouncilEuropean Commission [VR-2015-04434]; Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. program (RGJ) from the Thailand Research Fund [PHD/0212/2560]

The recovery and utilisation of industrial excess heat has been identified as an important contribution for energy efficiency by reducing primary energy demand. Previous works, based on top-down studies for a few sectors, or regional case studies estimated the overall availability of industrial excess heat. A more detailed analysis is required to allow the estimation of potentials for specific heat recovery technologies, particularly regarding excess heat temperature profiles. This work combines process integration methods and regression analysis to obtain cogeneration targets, detailed excess heat temperature profiles and estimations of electricity generation potentials from low and medium temperature excess heat. The work is based on the use of excess heat temperature (XHT) signatures for individual sites and regression analysis using publicly available data, obtaining estimations of the technical potential for electricity generation from low and medium temperature excess heat (60-140 degrees C) for the whole Swedish kraft pulp and paper industry. The results show a technical potential to increase the electricity production at kraft mills in Sweden by 10 to 13%, depending on the level of process integration considered, and a lower availability of excess heat than previously estimated in studies for the sector. The approach used could be adapted and applied in other sectors and regions, increasing the level of detail at which industrial excess heat estimations are obtained when compared to previous studies.

Reinforcement learning techniques have successfully been applied to solve challenging problems. Among the more famous examples are playing games such as Go and real-time computer games such as StarCraft II. In addition, reinforcement learning has successfully been deployed in cyber-physical systems such as robots playing a curling-based game. These are all important and significant achievements indicating that the techniques can be of value for the aerospace industry. However, to use these techniques in the aerospace industry, very high requirements on verification and validation must be met. In this position paper, we outline four key problems for verification and validation of reinforcement learning techniques. Solving these are an important step towards enabling reinforcement learning techniques to be used in safety critical domains such as the aerospace industry., WASP

Herein, a one-step protocol for synthesizing freestanding 20 mu m thick cellulose paper electrodes composed of V2O5 . H2O nanosheets (VOx), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and Cladophora cellulose (CC) is reported. In 1.0 m Na2SO4, the VOx-CNT-CC electrodes deliver capacities of about 200 and 50 C g(-1) at scan rates of 20 and 500 mV s(-1), respectively. The obtained capacities are compared with the theoretical capacities and are discussed based on the electrochemical reactions and the mass loadings of the electrodes. It is shown that the capacities are diffusion rate limited and, consequently, depend on the distribution and thickness of the V2O5 . H2O nanosheets, whereas the long-term cycling stabilities depend on vanadium species dissolving in the electrolyte. The electrodes feature high mass loadings (2 mg cm(-2)), good rate performances (25% capacity retention at 500 mV s(-1)), and capacity retentions of 85% after 8000 cycles. A symmetric VOx-CNT-CC energy storage device with a potential window of about 1 V exhibits a capacity of 40 C g(-1) at a scan rate of 2 mV s(-1)., Funding Agencies|Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF)Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research [EM16-0004]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg (KAW) FoundationKnut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation; Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Research Council [VR-2019-03492]

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides and carbonitrides, called MXenes, with metallic conductivity and hydrophilic surfaces, show great promise as electrode materials for supercapacitors. A major drawback of 2D nanomaterials is the re-stacking of the nanosheets, which prevents full utilization of surface area and blocks the access of the electrolyte. In this study, a free-standing nanocomposite paper electrode is realized by combining Mo1.33C MXene and positively charged biopolymer lignin (the second most abundant biopolymer in nature, L-DEA). The self-assembled layered architecture with alternating polymer and MXene flakes increases the interlayer space to promote ion transport, and with combining charge storage capability of the lignin derivative and MXene in an interpenetrating MXene/L-DEA nanocomposite, which offers an impressive capacitance of 503.7 F g(-1). Moreover, we demonstrate flexible solid-state asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) using Mo1.33C@L-DEA as the negative electrode and electrochemically exfoliated graphene with ruthenium oxide (EG@RuOx) as the positive electrode. This asymmetric device operates at a voltage window of 1.35 V, which is about two times wider than that of a symmetric Mo1.33C@L-DEA based supercapacitor. Finally, the ASCs can deliver an energy density of 51.9 Wh kg(-1) at a power density of 338.5 W kg(-1), with 86 % capacitance retention after 10000 charge-discharge cycles., Funding Agencies|Swedish Energy AgencySwedish Energy Agency [EM 42033-1]; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Material Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University (Faculty Grant SFO-Mat-LiU) [200900971]; Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Research Council [2017-04123]; SSF Synergy program [EM160004]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg (KAW) FoundationKnut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation [KAW 2015.0043]; National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China [61774077]; Open Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices [2018-skllmd-12]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesFundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities

The pulp and paper industry is one of the five most energy-intensive industries world-wide. In Sweden, most pulp and paper mills were certified with a standardized energy management system already in 2005. As Swedish mills have more than a decade of experience with energy management systems and energy key performance indicators (KPIs), studying KPIs within Swedish pulp and paper mills will enable both a state-of-the-art positioning of best-practice in relation to energy KPIs in pulp and paper mills, but also spot potential barriers and drivers in the utilization of energy KPIs. This paper studies the current level of implementation and operationalization of energy-related KPIs in the Swedish pulp and paper industry. The results show a potential for improvement., Funding Agencies|Swedish Energy Agency; Swedish Environmental Protection Agency [802-0082-17]

Electrochromic devices have important implications as smart windows for energy efficient buildings, internet of things devices, and in low-cost advertising applications. While inorganics have so far dominated the market, organic conductive polymers possess certain advantages such as high throughput and low temperature processing, faster switching, and superior optical memory. Here, we present organic electrochromic devices that can switch between two high-resolution images, based on UV-patterning and vapor phase polymerization of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) films. We demonstrate that this technique can provide switchable greyscale images through the spatial control of a UV-light dose. The color space was able to be further altered via optimization of the oxidant concentration. Finally, we utilized a UV-patterning technique to produce functional paper with electrochromic patterns deposited on porous paper, allowing for environmentally friendly electrochromic displays., Funding Agencies|Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research; Wenner-Gren Foundations; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University [2009 00971]; Vinnova

The increasing demands to further electrify and digitalize our society set demands for a green electrical energy storage technology that can be scaled between very small, and heavily distributed electrical energy sources, to very large volumes. Such technology must be compatible with fast-throughput, large-volume and low-cost fabrication processes, such as using printing and coating techniques. Here, we demonstrate a sequential production protocol to fabricate supercapacitors including electrodes based on cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and the conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS. Thin and lightweight paper electrodes, carbon adhesion layers and the gel electrolyte are fabricated using spray coating, screen printing, and bar coating, respectively. These all solid-state supercapacitors are flexible, mechanically robust and exhibit a low equivalent series resistance (0.22 ohm), thus resulting in a high power density (similar to 10(4)W/kg) energy technology. The supercapacitors are combined and connected to a power management circuit to demonstrate a smart packaging application. This work shows that operational and embedded supercapacitors can be manufactured in a manner to allow for the integration with, for instance smart packaging solutions, thus enabling powered, active internet-of-things (IoT) devices in a highly distributed application., Funding Agencies|Swedish foundation for strategic researchSwedish Foundation for Strategic Research; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Wallenberg Wood Science Center); Onnesjo foundation; Linkoping University

Herein, a one-step synthesis protocol was developed for synthesizing freestanding/flexible paper electrodes composed of nanostructured molybdenum oxide (MoO3-x) embedded in a carbon nanotube (CNT) and Cladophora cellulose (CC) matrix. The preparation method involved sonication of the precursors, nanostructured MoO3-x, CNTs, and CC with weight ratios of 7:2:1, in a water/ethanol mixture, followed by vacuum filtration. The electrodes were straightforward to handle and possessed a thickness of approximately 12 mu m and a mass loading of MoO3-x-CNTs of approximately 0.9 mg cm(-2). The elemental mapping showed that the nanostructured MoO3-x was uniformly embedded inside the CNTs-CC matrix. The MoO3-x-CNTs-CC paper electrodes featured a capacity of 30 C g(-1), normalized to the mass of MoO3-x-CNTs, at a current density of 78 A g(-1) (corresponding to a rate of approximately 210 C based on the MoO3 content, assuming a theoretical capacity of 1339 C g(-1)), and exhibited a capacity retention of 91 % over 30 000 cycles. This study paves the way for the manufacturing of flexible/freestanding nanostructured MoO3-x-based electrodes for use in charge-storage devices at high charge/discharge rates., Funding Agencies|Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF)Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research [EM16-0004]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg (KAW) FoundationKnut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation [KAW 2015.0043]

The emerging demand for wearable, lightweight portable devices has led to the development of new materials for flexible electronics using non-rigid substrates. In this context, nanomaterial-modified conducting paper (CP) represents a new concept that utilizes paper as a functional part in various devices. Paper has drawn significant interest among the research community because it is ubiquitous, cheap, and environmentally friendly. This review provides information on the basic characteristics of paper and its functionalization with nanomaterials, methodology for device fabrication, and their various applications. It also highlights some of the exciting applications of CP in point-of-care diagnostics for biomedical applications. Furthermore, recent challenges and opportunities in paper-based devices are summarized., Funding Agencies|Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, IndiaDepartment of Science & Technology (India) [DST/INSPIRE/04/2017/002750, DST/INSPIRE/04/2015/000932]; Science & Engineering Research Board (Govt. of India) [SB/S9/YSCP/SERB-DF/2018]

Manufacturing industry has a large energy efficiency potential, yet to be utilized, known as the energy efficiency gap. This gap exists due to barriers that hinder industrial companies from making energy efficiency investments. Research also shows that the gap is even larger if energy management practices are included as well. One type of energy management practice for industrial companies is energy performance benchmarking, which deals with several organisational applications. For example, energy performance benchmarking can be used to compare a company’s degree of energy efficiency to its peers. A benchmarking approach can also be adopted on different levels of aggregation, including sector, site, and process level. Furthermore, continuous work with energy management also entails additional benefits beyond the energy effects, known as non-energy benefits. In an energy management context, these benefits might for instance be organisational or informational in nature. The aim of this paper is to study these aspects of energy management – benchmarking and non-energy benefits – within the Swedish pulp and paper industry. These aspects of energy management have not, to the authors’ knowledge, been extensively investigated. The adopted method for data collection is a mixed method approach, where a questionnaire was sent to all operating pulp and paper mills in Sweden, and semi-structured interviews were carried out at six mills. The findings in this study show that the most common benchmarking method in the Swedish pulp and paper mills is external benchmarking within a company group. The benchmarking method with the highest perceived value for a mill’s energy management, however, is historical benchmarking of energy use. Furthermore, the pulp and paper mills have perceived a number of non-energy benefits from energy management practices, where top management’s interest in energy efficiency issues increasing more than expected was perceived as the most substantial.

Industrial energy efficiency improves the profit and competitive advantage of companies. The pulp and paper industry (PPI)being one of the five most energy-intensive industries uses 5.6% of global industrial energy, according to the InternationalEnergy Agency. It is one of the key sectors that is faced with the challenge of improving energy efficiency (EE). The PPI isnot less important in Sweden where it uses approximately 52% of the total industrial energy, employing more than 20000people and where improvement of the energy end-use by 1% corresponds to estimated savings of approximately 218 MSEKannually. Energy management (EnM) is a means for improving EE. However, despite research showing the possibility forannual improvement of the energy end-use by 5.5-19.4% by technical measures, EnM is not always used to its full potentialor often hardly implemented, resulting in an EE gap, i.e. the difference between the theoretical practically and cost-effectivelyachievable EE and actual EE. Why then does this EE gap exist? What are the drivers for and barriers to practicing EnM to itsfull potential and thus improving energy efficiency? What are the success factors for encouraging the drivers and overcomingthe barriers? What practical recommendations can be made that could lead to the improvement of energy efficiency? Afterextracting information from historical and current information using tools from multivariate data analysis (MDA), this PhDdissertation presents new knowledge that intends to contribute to overcome the challenges of improving energy efficiency inthe PPI. Specifically, international research primarily addressing EnM in the PPI showed that EnM in the PPI is perceived asEnM via technology, despite that EnM contains other aspects than EnM via technology, e.g. proactive EnM practices. Thisresult indicates the presence of a knowledge-gap on how to deploy EnM in the PPI. Studies on the PPI in Sweden showeddifferent EnM practices among the individual types of mills, Industriell energieffektivitet behöver förbättras för att förbättra det årliga resutatet och för att stärka konkurrenskraften i företag. Massa- och pappersindustrin (MoP) är en av de fem mest energiintensiva industrierna med en andel på 5.6% av den globala energianvändningen, enligt IEA (Internationella Energimyndigheten), vilket gör branschen till en nyckelsektor vad gäller förbättrad energieffektivitet. MoP är inte mindre viktigt i Sverige där användningen omfattar ungefär 52% av den totala industriella energianvändningen, antal anställda är mer än 20000 och där en minskning av den årliga energianvändningen med 1% motsvarar uppskattade besparingar på ungefär 218 MSEK årligen. Energiledning (EL) är ett sätt att förbättra energieffektiviteten (EE). Emellertid tillämpas inte energiledning fullt ut och ibland inte alls, även om forskning visar på möjligheterna att minska energianvändningen med 5,5 – 19,4 % årligen. Detta leder till ett så kallat energieffektivitetsgap – skillnaden mellan teoretisk energieffektivitet som kan uppnås praktiskt och är kostnadseffektiv, och nuvarande energieffektivitet. Varför existerar då detta energieffektivitetsgap? Vad är drivkrafterna och vilka är hindren för att använda energiledning fullt ut, och på så sätt förbättra energieffektiviteten? Vad är framgångsfaktorerna för att uppmuntra / förstärka drifkrafter och överbrygga /minska hindren? Vilka praktiska rekommendationer kan göras som skulle kunna leda till förbättrad energieffektivitet? Information som har extraherats från historisk och nuvarande tillgänglig data har bland annat studerats med hjälp av multivariat data analys (MDA). Denna doktorsavhandling syftar till att presentera ny kunskap i syfte att bidra till att förbättra energieffektiviteten i MoP. Den internationella forskningen som fokuserat på EL i MoP har som utgångspunkt att detta främst sker via teknik, trots att EL också innebär andra aspekter än EL via teknik, t.ex. EL via proaktiv användning av tekniken. Detta resul

Research has revealed the existence of an energy-efficiency gap – the difference between optimal and actual energy end-use, suggesting that energy efficiency can be improved. Energy management (EnM) is a means for improving industrial energy efficiency. However, due to various barriers, the full potential of EnM is not realised. Several studies have addressed drivers and barriers to energy efficiency but few to EnM. This study aims to identify EnM practices, the most important perceived drivers and barriers for EnM, and relations among them in the energy-intensive Swedish pulp and paper industry (PPI), which has the longest experience internationally of practising EnM systems, and has worked according to the standards since 2004. Our results show that, altogether, the PPI works regularly and continuously with EnM, with a clear division of responsibilities. The highest maturity for EnM practices was for energy policy, followed by organization, investments, and performance measurement. The study also shows that communication between middle management and operations personnel has potential for improvement. The most important categories of drivers were economic, whereas for barriers they were organizational. Nevertheless, knowledge-related barriers and drivers were amongst the most important, suggesting that the absorptive capacity for energy issues could be improved., Funding agencies: Swedish Energy Agency [2015-002143]; Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Carbonstruct research project [802-0082-17]

The Swedish pulp and paper industry (PPI) must increase energy efficiency to remain competitive on the global market, which has experienced entries from countries with cheaper energy and raw material supplies. Interactions among variables for energy use, production, energy management, electricity price and firm characteristics (FC), in different types of mills, i.e., pulp, paper and integrated mills, in Sweden from 2006 to 2015 indicate that correlations among the studied variables were different in different types of mills. This difference between types of mills seemed to originate partly from varying accessibility to production residue that could be used for energy. For all types of mills, variation of electricity prices did not correlate significantly with energy efficiency during the study period. The studied FC were firms age, number of employees, number of companies in company group, net sales and profit for the year. Energy efficiency was more affected by the variables characterizing energy and production compared to the variables representing FC. This study also suggested presence of possible discrepancies between FC that were perceived as barriers to energy management towards energy efficiency, according to previous studies, and what was shown by the data combining variables representing energy use, production and FC. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved., Funding Agencies|Swedish Energy Agency

Paper is emerging as a promising flexible, high surface-area substrate for various new applications such as printed electronics, energy storage, and paper-based diagnostics. Many applications, however, require paper that reaches metallic conductivity levels, ideally at low cost. Here, an aqueous electroless copper-plating method is presented, which forms a conducting thin film of fused copper nanoparticles on the surface of the cellulose fibers. This paper can be used as a current collector for anodes of lithium-ion batteries. Owing to the porous structure and the large surface area of cellulose fibers, the copper-plated paper-based half-cell of the lithium-ion battery exhibits excellent rate performance and cycling stability, and even outperforms commercially available planar copper foil-based anode at ultra-high charge/discharge rates of 100 C and 200 C. This mechanically robust metallic-paper composite has promising applications as the current collector for light-weight, flexible, and foldable paper-based 3D Li-ion battery anodes., Funding Agencies|Wenner-Gren Foundation; Wallenberg Wood Science Centre at KTH through the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation

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Successful energy management is a way to achieve energy efficiency in the pulp and paper industry (PPI), which is important for assuring energy supply security, for increasing economic competitiveness, and for mitigating greenhouse gases. However, research shows that although energy use within PPI can be reduced by 5.5-19.4% per year, some of this by energy management practices, energy management is not always implemented. Why is this so? What are the barriers to, and drivers of implementation? How can the barriers be overcome? A systematic review of barriers and drivers in energy management in the PPI within peer-reviewed scientific articles suggests that the world-wide events that affect energy supply, volatility, and use seemingly also affect the number and frequency of research articles on energy management in the PPI. The perception of energy management in the PPI seems to be dominated by the understanding that it can mostly be achieved through technological improvements aiming to improve energy efficiency. The main driver of energy management was shown to be economic conditions: high and unstable energy prices, followed by drivers such as the need to remain internationally competitive, collaboration and energy management systems. Meanwhile, examples of the most important barriers are technical risks, lack of access to capital, lack of time and other priorities, and slim organization. The success factors for enhancing drivers and overcoming barriers were continuous energy accounting, energy-related collaboration, energy-efficiency programmes, and benchmarking. Altogether, success factors for energy management for improved energy efficiency could be summarized in the 4M frameworkthe 4M for energy efficiency: mind, measure, monitor, and managethat could be used as the energy management memory-tool that could lead to improved energy efficiency in other sectors as well., Funding Agencies|Swedish Energy Agency [2015-002143]; Division of Energy Systems in the Department of Management and Engineering at Linkoping University

In their paper of 1993, Meyer and Neutsch established the existence of a 48-dimensional associative subalgebra in the Griess algebra G. By exhibiting an explicit counter example, the present paper shows a gap in the proof one of the key results in Meyer and Neutsch’s paper, which states that an idempotent a in the Griess algebra is indecomposable if and only its Peirce 1-eigenspace (i.e. the 1-eigenspace of the linear transformation L : x → ax) is one-dimensional. The present paper fixes this gap, and shows a more general result: let V be a real commutative nonassociative algebra with an associative inner product, and let c be a nonzero idempotent of V such that its Peirce 1-eigenspace is a subalgebra; then, c is indecomposable if and only if its Peirce 1-eigenspace is one-dimensional. The proof of this result is based on a general variational argument for real commutative metrised algebras with inner product.

As paper-based diagnostics has become predominantly driven by more advanced microfluidic technology, many of the research efforts are still focused on developing reliable and versatile fluidic control devices, apart from improving sensitivity and reproducibility. In this work, we introduce a novel and robust paper fluidic control system enabling versatile fluidic control. The system comprises a linear push-pull solenoid and an Arduino Uno micro controller. The precisely controlled pressure exerted on the paper stops the flow. We first determined the stroke distance of the solenoid to obtain a constant pressure while examining the fluidic time delay as a function of the pressure. Results showed that strips of grade 1 chromatography paper had superior reproducibility in fluid transport. Next, we characterized the reproducibility of the fluidic velocity which depends on the type and grade of paper used. As such, we were able to control the flow velocity on the paper and also achieve a complete stop of flow with a pressure over 2.0 MPa. Notably, after the actuation of the pressure driven valve (PDV), the previously pressed area regained its original flow properties. This means that, even on a previously pressed area, multiple valve operations can be successfully conducted. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of an active and repetitive valve operation in paper microfluidics. As a proof of concept, we have chosen to perform a multistep detection system in the form of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with mouse IgG as the target analyte., Funding Agencies|National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) - Ministry of Science and ICT [NRF-2017M3A9E9072667, NRF-2015R1C1A1A01054292]

Printed and flexible organic electronics is a steadily expanding field of research and applications. One of the most attractive features of this technology is the possibility of large area and high throughput production to form low-cost electronics on different flexible substrates. With an increasing demand for sustainable energy production, low-cost and large volume technologies to store high-quality energy become equally important. These devices should be environmentally friendly with respect to their entire life cycle. Supercapacitors and batteries based on paper hold great promise for such applications due to the low cost and abundance of cellulose and other forest-derived components. We report a thick-film paper-supercapacitor system based on cellulose nanofibrils, the mixed ion-electron conducting polymer PEDOT: PSS and sulfonated lignin. We demonstrate that the introduction of sulfonated lignin into the cellulose-conducting polymer system increases the specific capacitance from 110 to 230 F g(-1) and the areal capacitance from 160 mF cm(-2) to 1 F cm(-2). By introducing lignosulfonate also into the electrolyte solution, equilibrium, with respect to the concentration of the redox molecule, was established between the electrode and the electrolyte, thus allowing us to perform beyond 700 charge/discharge cycles with no observed decrease in performance., Funding Agencies|Knut and Alice Wallenberg foundation [KAW 2011.0050]; Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research [GMT14-0058]; Onnesjo Foundation; Swedish Energy Agency; Advanced Functional Materials Center at Linkoping University

Solar photovoltaic technologies could fully deploy and impact the energy conversion systems in our society if mass-produced energy-storage solutions exist. A supercapacitor can regulate the fluctuations on the electrical grid on short time scales. Their mass-implementation requires the use of abundant materials, biological and organic synthetic materials are attractive because of atomic element abundancy and low-temperature synthetic processes. Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) coming from the forest industry is exploited as a three-dimensional template to control the transport of ions in an electrolyte-separator, with nanochannels filled of aqueous electrolyte. The nanochannels are defined by voids in the nanocomposite made of NFC and the proton transporting polymer polystyrene sulfonic acid PSSH. The ionic conductivity of NFC-PSSH composites (0.2 S cm(-1) at 100% relative humidity) exceeds sea water in a material that is solid, feel dry to the finger, but filled of nanodomains of water. A paper-based supercapacitor made of NFC-PSSH electrolyte-separator sandwiched between two paper-based electrodes is demonstrated. Although modest specific capacitance (81.3 F g(-1)), power density (2040 W kg(-1)) and energy density (1016 Wh kg(-1)), this is the first conceptual demonstration of a supercapacitor based on cellulose in each part of the device; which motivates the search for using paper manufacturing as mass-production of energy-storage devices.

A supercapacitor made from organic and nature-based materials, such as conductive polymers (PEDOT:PSS), nanocellulose, and an the organic dye molecule (alizarin), is demonstrated. The dye molecule, which historically was extracted from the roots of the plant rubia tinctorum, is here responsible for the improvement in energy storage capacity, while the conductive polymer provides bulk charge transport within the composite electrode. The forest-based nanocellulose component provides a mechanically strong and nonporous network onto which the conductive polymer self-organizes. The electrical and electrochemical properties of the material composition are investigated and prototype redox-enhanced supercapacitor devices with excellent specific capacitance exceeding 400 F g(-1) and an operational stability over >1000 cycles are demonstrated. This new class of supercapacitors, which in part are based on organic materials from plants, represents an important step toward a green and sustainable energy technology., Funding Agencies|Swedish Foundation for Strategic ResearchSwedish Foundation for Strategic Research [GMT14-0058]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg FoundationKnut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation; Strategic Research Area (SFO) for Advanced Functional Materials at LiU; Onnesjo Foundation; Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Research Council; VINNOVAVinnova

Smartmaterials can be used for awide variety of applications, including sensing and energy harvesting.Implementation of smartmaterials in large area devices requires scalablemanufacturing. The use ofpaper-making techniques would offer an enormous production capacity, allowing for low-cost andlarge-scalemanufacturing. In thisworkwe present a successful pilot scale papermachinemanufacturingof functional composite papers (100mmin−1 with aweb width of 30 cm) based on cellulose fibres andcommercial tetrapodal zinc oxidemicrowhiskers (ZnO-Ts).Carbon electrodes could successfully beprinted on the paper to form complete electronic devices where the paper itself is the active material.Thisenabled development of aZnO-composite paper photosensor,where we characterized its stability,sensitivity and speed. The devices show excellent photosensing properties over awide range of lightirradiances (0.01–1Sun), including short response times (∼10 s) and long-term stability. Under simulatedsunlight and a bias voltage of 1 V, small (0.5 cm2) two-probe interdigitated photosensor devices provided12 μAphotocurrent.Under the same conditions, four-probe measurements of the composite papershowed a sheet resistance of 6.9·107Ω/sq. Four-probe measurements also demonstrated that the paperconductivity varies linearlywith light irradiance. To the best of ourknowledge, this is the first example ofpilot paper machine production of an optoelectronic paper, demonstrating the potential for large-scalepapermanufacturing of active smart paper from low-cost industrial bulk materials.

Wireless sensors and networks are used only occasionally in current control loops in the process industry. With rapid developments in embedded and highperformance computing, wireless communication, and cloud technology, drastic changes in the architecture and operation of industrial automation systems seem more likely than ever. These changes are driven by ever-growing demands on production quality and flexibility. However, as discussed in "Summary," there are several research obstacles to overcome. The radio communication environment in the process industry is often troublesome, as the environment is frequently cluttered with large metal objects, moving machines and vehicles, and processes emitting radio disturbances [1], [2]. The successful deployment of a wireless control system in such an environment requires careful design of communication links and network protocols as well as robust and reconfigurable control algorithms., Funding Agencies|VINNOVA, The Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation SystemsVinnova

Thermal science is a perennial obstacle for learners. Infrared camera technology provides an opportunity for pupils to confront challenging thermal ideas. From an embodied cognition perspective, sensory experiences form metaphoric relations that underpin conceptualisation and reasoning about abstract scientific phenomena. This study investigated eight groups of fourth grade pupils’ use of metaphoric relations when engaging thermal cameras to explore “heat” at a science centre. Pupils were videorecorded while collaboratively exploring thermal properties of the surroundings and during a thermos modelling exercise. Qualitative metaphor analyses of pupils’ dialogue and behaviour revealed various metaphoric and metonymic relations around spatial properties, colour, movement and change in their conceptualisation of thermal phenomena. “Heat” was almost exclusively conceptualised as a noun, manifested in utterances such as “harder for the heat to escape” and “it wants to get yellow”. In addition, pupils used colour as both a metonym and metaphor for heat and temperature. Expressions of heat as an entity were closely related to experiences of movement, indicating that spatial cognition is central to children’s conceptualisation of heat. Engagement with the cameras provided access to thermodynamic phenomena through unique sensory and nonsensory experiences. Future research will explore how these metaphoric relations can be exploited as a meaning-making resource in the classroom.

In this introduction, we briefly present selected theoretical constructs relevant for the Thematic Working Group 23 (TWG23). We first address the topic of “implementation research” by lookinginto other research fields and domains where this topic is well-developed. Drawing on a taxonomy of so-called “implementation science” in health-care, we attempt to categorize the papers and posters of TWG23 according to their “implementation research aim” (Nilsen, 2015). Using this taxonomy, we elaborate on future perspectives for the TWG by relating to ongoing discussions in mathematics education research.