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We investigate the spatial operator in the incompressible Navier–Stokes, Oseen and Stokes equations and show how to avoid singularities associated with null spaces by choosing specific boundary conditions. The theoretical results are derived for a general form of energy stable boundary conditions, and applied to a few commonly used ones. The analysis is done on a system that simultaneously covers the nonlinear incompressible Navier–Stokes, the Oseen and the Stokes equations. When the spectrum of the spatial operator is investigated, we restrict the analysis to the Oseen and Stokes equations. The continuous analysis carries over to the discrete setting by using the summation-by-parts framework.

We present a well-posed stochastic Galerkin formulation of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations with uncertainty in model parameters or the initial and boundary conditions. The stochastic Galerkin method involves representation of the solution through generalized polynomial chaos expansion and projection of the governing equations onto stochastic basis functions, resulting in an extended system of equations. A relatively low-order generalized polynomial chaos expansion is sufficient to capture the stochastic solution for the problem considered. We derive boundary conditions for the continuous form of the stochastic Galerkin formulation of the velocity and pressure equations. The resulting problem formulation leads to an energy estimate for the divergence. With suitable boundary data on the pressure and velocity, the energy estimate implies zero divergence of the velocity field. Based on the analysis of the continuous equations, we present a semi-discretized system where the spatial derivatives are approximated using finite difference operators with a summation-by-parts property. With a suitable choice of dissipative boundary conditions imposed weakly through penalty terms, the semi-discrete scheme is shown to be stable. Numerical experiments in the laminar flow regime corroborate the theoretical results and we obtain high-order accurate results for the solution variables and the velocity divergence converges to zero as the mesh is refined. Funding agencies: SUPRI-B at Stanford University; U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research [DE-SC0006402]; Uni Research, Norway

In this article, well-posedness and dual consistency of the linearized incompressible Navier-Stokes equations posed on time-dependent spatial domains are studied. To simplify the derivation of the dual problem, the second order formulation is transformed to rst order form. Boundary conditions that simultaneously lead to well-posedness of the primal and dual problems are derived. We construct fully discrete nite di erence schemes on summation-byparts form, in combination with the simultaneous approximation technique. We prove energy stability and discrete dual consistency. Moreover, we show how to construct the penalty operators such that the scheme automatically adjusts to the variations of the spatial domain, and as a result, stability and discrete dual consistency follow simultaneously. The method is illustrated by considering a deforming time-dependent spatial domain in two dimensions. The numerical calculations are performed using high order operators in space and time. The results corroborate the stability of the scheme and the accuracy of the solution. We also show that linear functionals are superconverging. Additionally, we investigate the convergence of non-linear functionals and the divergence of the solution.

We present a well-posed stochastic Galerkin formulation of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with uncertainty in model parameters or the initial and boundary conditions. The stochastic Galerkin method involves representation of the solution through generalized polynomial chaos expansion and projection of the governing equations onto stochastic basis functions, resulting in an extended system of equations. A relatively low-order generalized polynomial chaos expansion is sucient to capture the stochastic solution. We derive boundary conditions for an energy estimate that leads to zero divergence of the velocity field. In other words, the incompressibility condition is not imposed directly in the problem formulation but is instead a consequence of the combination of the partial differential equations and the boundary conditions. Based on the analysis of the continuous equations, we present a semidiscretized system where the spatial derivatives are approximated using finite difference operators with a summation-by-parts property. With a suitable choice of dissipative boundary conditions imposed weakly through penalty terms, the semi-discrete scheme is shown to be stable. Numerical experiments corroborate the theoretical results and we obtain high-order accurate results for the solution variables and the velocity divergence converges to zero as the mesh is refined.