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Background The efficiency of transdermal drug delivery may be increased by pretreating the skin with microneedles, but distinct effects of microneedles and the microneedle-enhanced delivery of vasoactive drugs on the skin microvasculature are still not well investigated. Materials and Methods In eight healthy human subjects, we measured the microvascular response to microneedle-induced microtraumas in the skin microvasculature using polarized light spectroscopy imaging (Tissue Viability imaging, TiVi). The microvascular response was assessed for up to 48 hours for three microneedle sizes (300 mu m, 500 mu m, and 750 mu m) and for different pressures and application times. Results In our results, microneedle application increased the local red blood cell (RBC) concentration for up to 24 hours dependent on the needle lengths, applied time, and force. Conclusion Optimization of microneedles size, pressure, and application time should be taken into account for future protocols for drug delivery and experimental provocations.

Background The efficiency of transdermal drug delivery may be increased by pretreating the skin with microneedles, but distinct effects of microneedles and the microneedle-enhanced delivery of vasoactive drugs on the skin microvasculature are still not well investigated. Materials and Methods In eight healthy human subjects, we measured the microvascular response to microneedle-induced microtraumas in the skin microvasculature using polarized light spectroscopy imaging (Tissue Viability imaging, TiVi). The microvascular response was assessed for up to 48 hours for three microneedle sizes (300 mu m, 500 mu m, and 750 mu m) and for different pressures and application times. Results In our results, microneedle application increased the local red blood cell (RBC) concentration for up to 24 hours dependent on the needle lengths, applied time, and force. Conclusion Optimization of microneedles size, pressure, and application time should be taken into account for future protocols for drug delivery and experimental provocations.

Background The efficiency of transdermal drug delivery may be increased by pretreating the skin with microneedles, but distinct effects of microneedles and the microneedle-enhanced delivery of vasoactive drugs on the skin microvasculature are still not well investigated. Materials and Methods In eight healthy human subjects, we measured the microvascular response to microneedle-induced microtraumas in the skin microvasculature using polarized light spectroscopy imaging (Tissue Viability imaging, TiVi). The microvascular response was assessed for up to 48 hours for three microneedle sizes (300 mu m, 500 mu m, and 750 mu m) and for different pressures and application times. Results In our results, microneedle application increased the local red blood cell (RBC) concentration for up to 24 hours dependent on the needle lengths, applied time, and force. Conclusion Optimization of microneedles size, pressure, and application time should be taken into account for future protocols for drug delivery and experimental provocations.

Background The efficiency of transdermal drug delivery may be increased by pretreating the skin with microneedles, but distinct effects of microneedles and the microneedle-enhanced delivery of vasoactive drugs on the skin microvasculature are still not well investigated. Materials and Methods In eight healthy human subjects, we measured the microvascular response to microneedle-induced microtraumas in the skin microvasculature using polarized light spectroscopy imaging (Tissue Viability imaging, TiVi). The microvascular response was assessed for up to 48 hours for three microneedle sizes (300 mu m, 500 mu m, and 750 mu m) and for different pressures and application times. Results In our results, microneedle application increased the local red blood cell (RBC) concentration for up to 24 hours dependent on the needle lengths, applied time, and force. Conclusion Optimization of microneedles size, pressure, and application time should be taken into account for future protocols for drug delivery and experimental provocations.

Background The efficiency of transdermal drug delivery may be increased by pretreating the skin with microneedles, but distinct effects of microneedles and the microneedle-enhanced delivery of vasoactive drugs on the skin microvasculature are still not well investigated. Materials and Methods In eight healthy human subjects, we measured the microvascular response to microneedle-induced microtraumas in the skin microvasculature using polarized light spectroscopy imaging (Tissue Viability imaging, TiVi). The microvascular response was assessed for up to 48 hours for three microneedle sizes (300 mu m, 500 mu m, and 750 mu m) and for different pressures and application times. Results In our results, microneedle application increased the local red blood cell (RBC) concentration for up to 24 hours dependent on the needle lengths, applied time, and force. Conclusion Optimization of microneedles size, pressure, and application time should be taken into account for future protocols for drug delivery and experimental provocations.