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This paper aims to study the new energy of Sanskrit renaissance in Europe due to European voyages to India, followed by trade and then the construction of British India. It created a new social impetus to Sanskrit in India too, and the Indian intelligentsia, empowered by western education also began to examine texts written in the language. Interpretations came out in a pouring manner of these ancient texts, some locating them as the manufacturers of caste system, and some appreciating their contribution to science, literature, and philosophy and especially law. We have to re-understand how German intelligentsia interpreted and viewed these texts. The concept of nation in the age of nationalism, and its ideology of an imagined community with similar culture and shared beliefs has brought forth the necessity to enquire into the foundation of India’s modern identity, as perhaps, constructed by Oriental scholarship and the knowledge with new developments it brought forth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at tracing the way the role of women has been designed by society in societies, and how it has begun to change with human evolution. Mary Wollstonecraft has asked very significant questions about women's lack of freedom in society and has demanded that she is given a life with equal opportunities. Art has defined beauty as something that gives pleasure to the viewer, and it is the woman who possesses this symmetry and beauty till a particular age, mainstream socio-political thought believes so. Science and technology's intervention with such perceptions, market forces, capitalistic globalization are the new areas that might bring in innovative changes in contemporary thinking, and women might not only be the only one who would be pleasing the viewer, but even men might join this process of pleasing - now as women are operating in politically powerful positions men might be required to please them - perhaps an effort to sustain the human race on earth, competing with the rest of the animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at analysing the manner in which the ancient and modern world conceived the civilized and the savage. People have always felt distant from tribal communities and have constructed narratives projecting them as inferior to civilised societies, believing in their own myths that may be meaningless to other societies and building peculiar practices that may seem strange to others like the Indian caste system. The Enlightenment philosophy's negotiation has been one-sided as the people with 'voices' and 'expressions' wrote their versions of stories vehemently denying the existence of the others. Human thought and systems of languages accepted the division of civilised as advanced from uncivilized. Still, humanity moves on including all people under the umbrella of democracy, capitalism, and globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at studying Shelley's poems as exemplifying the philosophy of Enlightenment. Shelley's poems on 'Napoleon,' 'Ozymandias' and his 'Poetical Essay' show him as a Romantic writer who strongly believed in European Enlightenment philosophy. His poems are musical treats, highly spontaneous, metaphorical, allusive and romantic in style, but the core content of his poems is the Enlightenment philosophy of his contemporary Eurocentric thought. Shelley was a voracious reader, as exemplified by Mathew Arnold, and absorbed the ideologies of philosophers and thinkers hailing from the middle classes and universities, and his poems reveal the highly volatile period during which Europe shifted from monarchy to democracy through revolutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to study if Shakespeare had become aware of the role played by money in the common man's life. His Timon presents an excellent understanding of money power and describes its social role in humanity. Gold is a private venture and is the achievement of the rising middle class. Marx's Das Capital analyses the role of private capital in a detailed manner, while Shakespeare sums up the social and political power of money in a few lines. Timon of Athens is a great contribution to the political economy, as exemplified by Marx in his personal writings. This interpretation of Marx has created a platform for researchers to use literary works as tools to understand economic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims at re-reading Shelley's "Ozymandias" from a post-colonial perspective. The nineteenth century witnessed colonial expansion and the western countries began negotiating with the eastern countries from a culturally and politically superior position. Asia and Africa came to be perceived as inferior in popular imagination due to the academic endeavours in structural anthropology that had racial characteristics and archaeology that encouraged hegemonic thinking of the superiority of the occident. Poets and thinkers, caught in these sociopolitical thoughts expressed their opinions of the world from a colonial perspective. Thinkers like Karl Marx (1818-1883) and poets like Percy Byshe Shelley (1792-1822) invoked Diodorus Siculus (1st century BC) who had written on Egypt. In the twentieth century Edward Said (1935- 2003) analysed how academia was influential in re-creating a new world order in which the occident was portrayed as higher. This paper attempts to understand how Shelley picturised Egypt in his simple and famous poem "Ozymandias." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at studying how Shakespeare impacted on Herder, and how Herder uses Shakespeare's works as an illustration to form his opinions on nationalism. Shakespeare reflected the ideology, geo-politics of his age. His plays show the rise of the individual showing the signs of the rise of nationalism and the independent ideology of political freedom. Herder views them as a break from Greek drama having its regional features. Shakespeare becomes a symbol of Herder's nationalism and cultural diversity. The romanticism of Herder provided elements for the building of the idea of nation in Germany, and Shakespeare's plays helped him to arrive at a focused understanding of the changing processes and trends of European political history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at analysing the perspectives of A. W. Schlegel's famous work Lectures on Dramatic Art. With the advent of science, literary artists and professors began to write the principles of writing and an urgency to work it out in an objective and scientific manner. Schlegel aims at tracing the way poetic styles shifted from classicism to Romanticism during the 19th century. European writing came under the influence of the Greeks and Latin works, later took influences from Christianised writings of various nations in Europe, inspired by Shakespeare's writings that broke away from the Greek and Latin model and again met with the Sanskrit texts from India. A great transformation took place amalgamating all these varied influences into a new type of writing, later termed as 'romantic' in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to study how Heinrich Heine redefined romanticism in his seminal treatise “The Romantic School” and aims at bringing into argument how Friedrich von Schlegel and August Wilhelm von Schlegel have exemplified the ideology of Romanticism. These German thinkers responded to Indian thought, religious practices and also delved into deep analyses of Catholicism and the way Christianity influenced European or German thinking. Heine argues that Romanticism is a social response to Christianity’s rigid disciplines of asceticism. Scholars opine that the Schelling brothers also have contributed to the definition of Romanticism and these views are also valid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Friedrich Schlegel hails from a prestigious German academic family and was an Indologist like his famous brother August Wilhelm Schlegel who founded the concept of Romanticism in Germany. Sanskrit played a major role in German society in shaping aesthetics and literary styles and helped the new field of study of comparative philology. The Danish government had sent German missionaries to Malabar region and these missionaries took back a lot of knowledge about Tamil Nadu and Kerala, but these early works lost their prominence in German academia. Instead, Sanskrit took over as a leading and influential phenomenon. This paper tries to study Friedrich Schlegel's important treatise "On the Language and Wisdom of the Indians" and understand if there are any reasons for the shift from Malabar languages to Sanskrit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at examining similar thought processes regarding the concept of God of the German philosopher Nietzsche and the Tamil social reformer and thinker Periyar. Both these thinkers critiqued the religion with which they were associated, for different reasons. Nietzsche demanded an energetic religion that would reflect the power of real life and believed bringing back Greek myths would achieve this end. Periyar demanded a religion that accepted all people as equal, and hence rejected all myths that had a hidden politics of hegemony and hierarchy. The philosopher Nietzsche has thought like a social reformer, and the social reformer Periyar has thought like a philosopher. Philosophy and social ideologies intertwin these two great thinkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at understanding the philosophy of life in Four Quartets by T. S. Eliot (1888-1965), an American-born poet, playwright, and critic. The idea of humility is reinforced by T. S. Eliot in Four Quartets. This is also a major theme in Santayana's writings. George Santayana (1863-1952), the Spanish-American philosopher and poet received his doctorate degree from Harvard University in 1889 and later became a faculty member there. He was a highly respected and inspiring teacher, and his students included poets Conrad Aiken, T. S. Eliot, Robert Frost and Wallace Stevens. He emerged as a central figure in American Philosophical circles. The paper examines the similarities in thought in the poems of T. S. Eliot and George Santayana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims at studying the meaning in the ancient text Yoga Vasistha that suggests that a ruler should be objective and philosophical. Also, the discussions in the text take place in a dialectic model between various historical characters similar to the Platonic dialogues. The text can be located in a closed environment of a particular group of people reflecting their ideological search for pure knowledge and understanding of the world. Nevertheless, we notice the traces of the political and sociological thought processes of the age in which they lived. The text carries the symbol of human search for superior and objective wisdom in the process of evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at studying how Benedict de Spinoza and E.V. Ramasamy Periyar have responded to their socio-economic-political environment, and have produced great thoughts of freedom, equality, and social justice. Both the thinkers were powerful rationalists who viewed religion only as a political power to oppress people. They seem to be responding to oppression created by religion's social codes and have rebelled against the Establishment. Spinoza was writing against the system hiding his identity as repercussions were quite high in the Dutch Republic against texts that had content against the Establishment. Periyar was a reformer, thinker, and writer and hence, he boldly expressed his views and become the most controversial name during the twentieth century in Tamil Nadu, and his name continues to be used in controversies even now. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at studying Kavalkottam by Su. Venkatesan as an attempt to reunderstand the Tamil past. It is viewed as a launch of Tamil valour and as a reinforcement of Tamils' ideology of moral superiority which the writer achieves by projecting the land as a region of straightforward warriors. The paper attempts to study the other social commentaries made by the novelist through his epic portrayal of Tamil monarchic past that merges into the colonial past and later into democratic nation, narrated in a sumptuous, minutely descriptive and rich style. The Tamil community's story of being guardians to the villages to becoming migrant workers in other lands is traced by Venkatesan with sensitivity and imagination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at studying how Classical Tamil and Chinese poetics have focused on mental health and attempts to understand how a balanced approach to life can be retained by constructing ideas about life. Human mind has to poise its need to win with the reality of a brief life. Discussing death does not refer to depression or pain; instead, it reminds us of the briefness of life, and how it can be handled with ease and happiness. People spend a lot of energy in trying to control the people around them and this mental work leads to lots of stress and unhappiness. Poets and thinkers recommend freedom of the spirit and happiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nineteenth century Europe and the early twentieth century Tamil Nadu witnessed thinkers examining the roles played by religion in society. The German poet Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin (1770-1843), German philology professor and philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) and the Tamil social reformer E.V. Ramaswamy (1879-1973), wellknown as Periyar, have interrogated and investigated the political and social facets of established religious systems. Hölderlin celebrates past religions and cultures; Nietzsche studies the limitations of his contemporary religious ideologies; Periyar demands a religious system that will accept human egalitarianism. This paper aims at studying the similarities between these thinkers in their respective location of their ideologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin (1770-1843) was a German poet-philosopher who is viewed by scholars as a writer who naturalized the forms of classical Greek verse in German and in melding Christian and classical themes. Nietzsche is supposed to have been influenced by Hölderlin. Martin Heidegger interpreted Hölderlin's poem "Ister" from a philosophical perspective and delivered important lectures and takes Hölderlin's poems as illustrations to interpret his philosophical discourses. This paper aims at studying the predominant themes of the poems of Hölderlin that view the world from the position of a European scholar of the eighteenth century who understands the limitations of time and space and emphasizes on the fluidity of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) was a German philosopher and cultural critic who put forth criticisms of traditional European morality and religion, as well as of conventional philosophical ideas and social and political pieties associated with modernity. He exposed false consciousness of people-s received ideas. He along with Marx and Freud are grouped as propagating "hermeneutics of suspicion" against traditional values. Nietzsche was born in Röcken, where his father was a Lutheran minister. Nietzsche had a brilliant school and university career, culminating in May 1869 when he was called to a chair in classical philology at Basel at a young age of 24. He was writing poetry from his school days and this paper aims at studying the themes of Friedrich Nietzsche's poems and his Zarathustra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erode Venkatappa Ramasamy (1879-1973) is well known as Periyar, the great man. He is also referred to as Thanthai Periyar, the great fatherly man. He was an activist and politician who started the Self-Respect Movement and Dravidar Kazhagam. He is known as the 'Father of the Dravidian Movement'. He has spoken against caste prevalence and women oppression in Tamil Nadu. This paper aims at studying seminal concepts of Thanthai Periyar on caste system in India. It brings in the thought processes of Socrates and Plato linking them to the concept of justice for which Thanthai Periyar spoke across the State of Tamil Nadu. It also brings in the argument of Max Weber's remarks on the caste system in India. Periyar's thoughts are analyzed in the context of the works of Socrates and Max Weber in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plato is one of the greatest philosophers in the western philosophical tradition and he is the first one whose complete works are still available to us. We have very little data on his life and literary activity. As a result, many conflicting theories have been developed by scholars of various times regarding the interpretation of Plato's dialogues and their chronology to the extent it bears on that interpretation. This paper delves into one aspect of Platonic scholarship that studies the literariness in Plato's dialogues, taking illustrations from two of his works. It argues how Platonic scholarship is slowly paying attention to his rhetoric and poetry while studying his comments on the same. This paper aims at studying the platonic writings of Socrates' speeches from the current critical perspective of western scholars and presents sample dialogues. Stephen Halliwell, Annie Mary Bowery, Griswold and Kauffman are some of the leading Plato scholars who view these philosophic writings as dramatic dialogues that are descriptive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper aims at studying the way Zuhura Seng'enge writes and performs poetry expressing values for human freedom and liberation. Zuhura's performance poetry from Tanzania draws on transnational resources, including digital media. She uses performance poetry to create a world that is more just and equal for all of humanity. The paper argues that such a kind of writing has been structured in the manner of the great precedent of Maya Angelou. Zuhura is one the upcoming young poets of the globalized and transnational society writing and performing poetry to entertain and connect with people [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the compound nouns used in Tamil language in India. Topics include the three forms of compound words such as the closed form, the hyphenated form, and the open form, the concept of compound word in the language and its difference with the English language, and the compound words in traditional grammar.

This paper aims at studying how the novelist Anita Rau Badami and the social scientist Vijay Agnew have constructed identities through self-presentation of subjects either imaginary or actual, after they immigrated to Canada from India. Badami studies discrimination in India at gender and race positions. Agnew meets with racial discrimination in Canada and it influences her theories. As Fukuyama points out, it is argued, the fights that we have today over issues of race, gender, gender orientation, and the like, are often more over offended dignity than over material resources. Badami's alienation and nostalgia for her home and Agnew's hybridized identity in a globalised society are responses to offended dignity at some level in the context of immigration though Badami brings to our attention the discrimination at home front too. A heightened awareness of any type of discrimination has become the hallmark of the century all over the world, as humanity strives for dignity and equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on a dissertation which examined the detective novels "Anil's Ghost" by Michael Ondaatje and "Sacred Games" by Vikram Chandra. It examines how Ondaatje and Chandra employed narrative technique in the novels. It traces the detective fiction and the biographical details about the authors.