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Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a relatively common sleep disorder characterized by repetitive narrowing or obstruction of the upper airway, including the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx, during sleep. OSA can cause a variety of symptoms and/or complications, such as excessive daytime sleepiness, reduced concentration, hypertension, type II diabetes, and stroke. Accordingly, an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatments are required for OSA. Obesity is an important risk factor for OSA and is characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fat in the body, including the upper airway. When the body weight increases, adipose tissue accumulates in the pharynx, which can narrow the diameter of the upper airway and lead to dysfunction of the pharynx dilator muscles. These changes caused by weight gain can cause or exacerbate OSA. Various therapeutic options exist for patients with overweight or obesity, including diet, behavioral modifications, exercise, pharmacological treatments, and surgical procedures. Of these, diet, behavioral modifications, and exercise constitute the first-line management for obesity. However, their results are relatively unsatisfactory, and pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery are generally implemented in obese patients with OSA. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review pharmacological and surgical management strategies for obesity that are currently commonly used in overweight or obese adult patients with OSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes a recent meta-analysis of various topics in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). In addition to cardiovascular disease and neurocognitive dysfunction, a wide variety of diseases have been associated with OSA, and associations with cancer have also been reported. Although continuous positive airway pressure is a very effective treatment, the results have shown that it does not reduce the incidence of various complications. It has been reported that uvulopalatopharyngoplasty was effective, and robotic surgery for the tongue root and hypoglossal nerve stimulation were also effective. The effectiveness of various medications to reduce daytime sleepiness has also been demonstrated. Although exercise lowered the apnea-hypopnea index, it was not related to changes in body composition, and it was also reported that exercise combined with weight control were effective. Additionally, interesting and clinically meaningful meta-analysis results were summarized and presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the factors that influence deep sleep restoration in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) following positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy. Methods: In total, 363 patients diagnosed with OSA who received PAP therapy over at least 3 months were enrolled in the study. Polysomnographic parameters, anatomical characteristics, and subjective sleep-related parameters were evaluated according to the presence of daytime sleepiness and morning headache before and after 3 months of PAP treatment. Results: Age was significantly different according to whether excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) was alleviated (average: 49.35 years) or persisted (average: 52.82 years) (p=0.001). Age was also significantly associated with morning headache (p=0.037). Body mass index (BMI) was higher in the alleviated EDS group (28.70 kg/m2) than in the persistent EDS group (27.13 kg/m2; p=0.002). The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was correlated with the EDS outcome (p=0.011). The group with alleviated EDS had a longer mandibular plane to hyoid distance (MPH) than the group with persistent EDS (17.95 mm vs. 15.38 mm; p<0.001). However, BMI, AHI, and MPH showed no significant associations with morning headache. Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores were higher in the alleviated EDS and alleviated morning headache groups (EDS: p<0.001, morning headache: p=0.001). Self-Efficacy Measure for Sleep Apnea (SEMSA) values differed significantly between the EDS groups (p<0.001), but not between the morning headache groups (p=0.122). After 3 months of PAP therapy, the MPH was negatively correlated with EDS in univariate (odds ratio [OR]=0.921, p<0.001) and multivariate analyses (OR=0.937, p=0.028). The SEMSA score was also negatively correlated with EDS in univariate (OR=0.961, p<0.001) and multivariate (OR=0.973, p=0.019) analyses. Conclusion: Age, polysomnographic metrics, and anatomical considerations were important for sleep quality-associated daytime symptoms. In addition, anatomical characteristics and the patient's self-efficacy were significantly associated with the effect of PAP treatment on sleep quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]