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Objective: To evaluate and compare the treatment outcomes of isolated mandibular angle fractures managed by open reduction and internal fixation using intra oral and extra oral approaches. Study Design: Randomized control trial. Place and duration of Study: Department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad, from May 2011 to Nov 2011. Patients and Methods: The patients who presented with isolated mandibular fracture were selected according to inclusion criteria. The diagnosis was made by standard history, clinical examination and radiographic investigations. The patients were randomly divided into two groups, A and B. Group A patients were managed by extra oral approach and group B patients were managed using intra oral approach. The patients were prescribed antibiotics for one week and follow up was carried for four weeks. Nerve damage, limited mouth opening, infection, mal-occlusion, hypertrophic scar and aesthetic dissatisfaction were immediate and late post operative complications observed and documented. Results: Road traffic accident (RTA) was the main etiologic factor (66.66%). Marginal mandibular nerve damage was noted in 20% cases treated with extra oral approach (group A). Post operative esthetic dissatisfaction was present in 60% patients (group A) as compared to 6.66% of the patients (group B). The rate of mouth opening compromise and mal-occlusion were also higher in the patients treated with extra oral approach compared with intra oral approach, although statistically not significant. Conclusion: The intra oral approach for mandibular angle fracture management is an effective and comparatively better technique as compare to the extra oral approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was aimed to inspect the efficiency of different sewage water irrigation frequency treatments on growth, yield and heavy metals accumulation of tomato and okra during 2012 and 2013. A statistical randomized complete block design was applied in the field to perform experiments having three replicates while 03 sewage water irrigation frequency treatments i.e., 5, 10 and 15-days interval. The tomato yield, their growth along with the production of the plant biomass were increased considerably with more repetitive (interval of five days) application of the sewage water. While reasonably less repetitive application (interval of fifteen days) of sewage water cause the less production of biomass, yield and growth. Moderately less repetitive applications (interval of ten days) of sewage water showed a significant increase in the addressed attributes of production in okra. The yield, as well as growth aspects of the okra, were reduced noticeably by using the reasonably less repetitive application. Frequent sewage water application resulted in an increased amount of Fe, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni and Cd in okra pods and tomato fruits than moderately and less repetitive irrigation. The leaves and root of okra and tomato displayed the higher contents of metal when these crops were cultivated with a repetitive application of the sewage water. The final result revealed that the metal concentration high in tomato and okra plant parts with decreasing irrigation intervals of sewage water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spiroplasma citri, a fastidious pathogen, is considered as the main cause of Citrus little leaf disease (Citrus stubborn disease) which is not only responsible for the low citrus production in terms of quality and quantity but also moving the citrus industry to down fall in citrus growing areas throughout the world. Current research was organized to study the distribution of disease using the serological based detection methods by conducting a comprehensive survey in various districts of Southern Punjab. The results of the survey and serology of CSD showed that this destructive disease which causes symptoms mostly similar to citrus greening is present in all areas of South Punjab. Layyah, and Multan showed maximum incidence of CSD with "11.66" and "5.66%" respectively while least incidence was observed in District Bhakkar (03%) and District Khanewal with (02%) incidence. Sweet orange and grape fruit depicted themselves as susceptible ones showing maximum disease with "18.33" and minimum "02%" respectively. Kinnow mandarin and feutral's early appeared as resistant cultivars against CSD infection in all the surveyed areas. Small acorn shaped, lopsided fruit and leaves with shortened internodes were appeared to be characteristic disease symptoms in Citrus stands of Southern Punjab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]