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Objective: To determine the association of age and parity with gestational hypertension. Study Design: Case-control study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Combined Military Hospital, Sibi Pakistan, from Oct 2020 to Sep 2021. Methodology: A total of two hundred and sixty-eight (n=268) patients (134 controls and 134 cases) were included in this study. Data about age, parity, economic status and education status was recorded. Two consecutive readings of blood pressure were recorded in siting position, 4 hours apart, and the second reading was entered on the proforma. Results: Mean age of the patients was 28.10±5.61 years and 28.99±6.29 years in cases and controls, respectively. Mean gestational age was 38.46±1.02 weeks in cases and 38.04±1.00 weeks in controls. In cases, primigravida were 88(65.7%) and multigravida were 46(34.3%) and in controls 58(43.3%) were primigravida and 46(56.7%) were multigravida. Odds ratio was 2.50(95% CI: 1.53-4.10), p value was <0.001. In cases, 111 women (82.8%) were from young age group and 23 women (17.2%) belonged to advanced age group. In controls 94 women (70.2%) were of young age group while 40 women (29.8%) belonged to advanced age group (p value was 0.013). Conclusion: Primigravidae and women of younger age seem to have association with pregnancy induced hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare percutaneous A1 pulley release and steroid injection in terms of mean pain score in trigger digit. Study Design: Comparative cross- sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Orthopedic Department Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Mar to Aug 2018. Methodology: Patients with trigger finger diagnosed clinically in Out Patient Department meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study. Patients were randomly allocated to Group A & B by lottery method. Group A had percutaneous release of A1 pulley using a surgical blade 11, after preparation of the skin and injection of 1ml 2% plain Lidocaine. Group B had injection with corticosteroid. Both procedures were carried out in Out Patient Department under strict aseptic measures. Visual analogue score at start and end of the study was recorded. Results: A total of 185 patients were included in this study, 122(66%) were males and females were 63(34%). The mean age of patient was 37.80±11.80 years with range from 15-60 years. Mean score of Group A was 39.16±12.22 years and the mean age Group B was 38.93±10.98 years. 56(30.3%) patient had mild visual analogue score, 96 (51.9%) had moderate visual analogue, 33 (17.8%) had severe visual analogue. Conclusion: Percutaneous release was found better option for the treatment of the trigger digit with a high success rate. Surgery should be reserved only for cases refractory to steroid injection technique. Keywords: Per cutaneous release of A1 Pulley, Trigger Digit, visual analogue score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton is an important cash crop of Pakistan and export commodity. Yield of cotton crop is affected by many factors but insect pests especially whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) is destroying cotton crop yield and quality in recent times. Many control measures are adopted against this pest including chemical control methods. Due to certain environmental issues and insecticide resistance problems, adoption of alternate methods of insect control is imperative. In this experiment we used some insecticides alone and in combination with Salicylic acid against B. tabaci. Flonicamid 50% DF at the rate of 80 g/ac and Diafenthiuran 50% SC at the rate of 200 mL/ac were used against Whitefly. Salicylic acid (SA) by Sigma-Aldrich 500 G was used 01 mL/L of water along with the tested insecticides under field conditions. Highest reduction 90.63% was observed in Flonicamid+SA treatment followed by 82.89% in Diafenthiuran +SA, Flonicamid 77.76%, Diafenthiuron 76.28% and lowest 29.36% reduction was observed in SA treatment with respect to control after 72 hrs. of treatment application. After 7 days maximum reduction 83.43% was observed in Flonicamid+SA followed by 69.02 % in Diafenthiuron+SA, 77.76% in Flonicamid, 66.37% in Diafenthiuron and lowest 21.97% recorded in SA treatment. In SA treatments population of rove beetle, green lace wing and spiders was significantly higher as compared to other treatments. It is evident from the results that SA has enhanced plant resistance against whitefly and thus reduced the damage of pest. SA can be used as alternative combination for the management of cotton whitefly and the amount of insecticide can be reduced for the control of whitefly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct-seeded rice cultivation is gaining popularity due to their potential for reduced labor and water use, but optimal fertilizer management remains a critical factor to achieve higher yield and rice quality. This study investigated the impact of fertilizer combinations on agronomic and yield traits of Basmati rice (cv. Basmati 515) cultivated with a direct-seeded rice method. Field trials were carried out during 2019 and 2020 in rice growing seasons. The five fertilizer treatments were applied as recommended from the combination of DAP + Urea, DAP + CAN, NP + Urea, NP + CAN along with a control (no fertilizer). Agronomic data such as tiller per square meter, plant height, panicle length, and rice yield were recorded. The combined results indicated that the NP + CAN treatment consistently produced the highest values for key agronomic traits. Specifically, this treatment resulted in the greatest tiller density (344.00 tillers/m²), tallest plants (148.50 cm), longest panicles (28.93 cm) and highest 1000-grain weight (23.21 g). Moreover, the NP + CAN combination also achieved the highest paddy yield per acre (1922.30 kg), demonstrating its superior effectiveness compared to other treatments. The DAP + Urea treatment also performed well, showing significant improvements in these traits compared to the control. Conversely, the control treatment exhibited the lowest values across all parameters, highlighting the essential role of appropriate fertilizer combinations in enhancing the growth and yield of Basmati 515 under DSR cultivation. Results suggested that NP + CAN fertilizer combination is the best option in DSR cultivation which promoted agronomic traits and hence the yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the increased frequency of serum C-peptide levels in patients of colorectal carcinoma. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jul 2018 to Jan 2019. Methodology: A total of 100 cases of colorectal carcinoma were enrolled. Blood samples were obtained to assess C-peptide level. The C-peptide serum concentrations were deliberate through the Cobas 6000 by using the electro-chemi-luminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) method. If level of C-peptide was >2 pmol/mL, then it was noted. Results: The mean age of all patients was 58.3 ± 5.4 years. There was a total of 136 (68%) females and 64 (32%) were males. The mean BMI of patients was 28.96 ± 12.31 kg/m². The family history of colorectal carcinoma was positive in 6 (6%) cases. The mean C-peptide level was 4.55 ± 2.37 pmol/L. There were 33 (33%) patients with raised C-peptide level while 67 (67%) had normal c-peptide level. Conclusion: It is concluded that increased C-peptide level is high in patients with colorectal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of rifaximin in reducing the frequency of recurrence of hepatic encephalopathy among patients with liver cirrhosis. Study Design: Descriptive case series. Place and Duration of Study: Outpatient department of Combined Military Hospital Peshawar from Jan to Jun 2017. Methodology: We included one hundred patients of either gender having liver cirrhosis with child Pugh B or C class with at least two previous episodes of hepatic encephalopathy. Patients were followed for six months to have any recurrence of hepatic encephalopathy. Conventional group was defined as having standard regimen including lactulose. Rifaximin treatment was defined as a 550mg BD daily dosing along with standard prescription. Results: Fifty patients were on conventional treatment to prevent recurrence of hepatic encephalopathy while 50 patients were using rifaximin in addition to standard prescription. The average age of 54.8 ± 6.1 years with 58% male patients and 48% in child-pugh B class. Thirty (30%) patients developed hepatic encephalopathy among the study population. 14 patients with recurrence belong to rifaximin group while 16 were on conventional treatment (p-value >0.05) showing a non-significant difference. Post stratification revealed only age as a significant predictor of recurrence of hepatic encephalopathy in our study population (p<0.05). Conclusion: Frequency of hepatic encephalopathy is similar in conventional treatment with Lactulose over six months of follow up as compared with rifaximin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the frequency of proteus mirabilis infections in patients of rheumatoid arthritis. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jul 2018 to Jan 2019. Methodology: A total of 100 cases of rheumatoid arthritis with urinary tract infection were enrolled. Freshly voided urine samples were obtained and sent to the pathology lab. The serotypes of proteus mirabilis were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting and presence of proteus mirabilis was noted. Results: A total of 100 cases of rheumatoid arthritis with urinary tract infection were recruited. The mean age of patients was 61.22 ± 10.18 years. There were total 67 (67%) females and 33 (33%) were males. About 79 (79%) patients had sedentary lifestyle while 21 (21%) had active lifestyle. There were 41 (41%) patients had positive urine culture with proteus mirabilis while 59 (59%) had other organism involved in urine infection. Conclusion: The high frequency of proteus mirabilis infection has been detected and the frequency was of females with complaint of urinary tract infection was high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare I-gel and Endotracheal tube for peak airway pressure during general anesthesia in pediatric inguinal hernia surgeries Study Design: Quasi experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Anesthesia/surgical department, Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi, Pakistan Jun to Nov 2021. Methodology: A Quasi experimental study was conducted on 250 children. Patients were randomly assigned into two groups. Group-A received the I-gel after induction with sedative agents while Group-B received the Endotracheal tube with routine induction and muscle paralysis. Peak airway pressure was monitored by the consultant anesthetist on anesthesia workstation throughout the surgery. Results: Out of 250 pediatric patients undergoing hernia repair randomized into two groups, 136(54.4%) were categorized into Group-A and 114(45.6%) were categorized into Group-B. Mean age of patients in our study was 3.35±2.454 years. 159(63.6%) children included in the study were male while 91(36.4%) were female. Out of 250, 202(80.8%) patients had normal peak airway pressure during the surgery while 48(19.2%) had raised pressure during the surgery. Use of Endotracheal tube was found statistically significantly associated with raised peak airway pressure during the surgery (p-value<0.05). Conclusion: Use of I-gel was found better in relation to maintenance of peak airways pressure as compared to Endotracheal tube in pediatric patients undergoing hernia repair under general anesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ladybird beetle (Coccinella septempunctata) is present in various crops like cotton, sunflower, fruit plants, and vegetables. C. septempunctata is the free living predatory specie of sucking insect pests such as aphids, mealybugs, and whiteflies and consume many preys during its lifetime. C. septempunctata larvae and adults are both active predators. The present study regarding toxicity of new chemistry insecticides against C. septempunctata was conducted under laboratory conditions. The toxic potential of six synthetic insecticides Emamectin benzoate (200ml/acre), Indoxacarb (175ml/acre), Lufenuron (200ml/acre), Spinetoram (80ml/acre), Chlorantraniliprole (50ml/acre), and Flubendiamide (50ml/acre) were tested on C. septempuctata. The leaf dip bioassay method was performed by collecting sunflower leaves and a 2cm leaf disc with larvae was dipped in insecticides. Data regarding mortality was recorded after 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. Mortality rates were as follows: 28% for emamectin benzoate, 26% for indoxacarb, 22% for lufenuron, 22% for Spinetoram, 16% for chlorantraniliprole, 14% for chlorantraniliprole, and 10% for Flubendiamide. However, Lufenuron, Spinetoram, and Chlorantraniliprole exhibited moderate toxicity, Indoxacrab and Emamectin benzoate showed severe toxicity, and Flubendiamide showed low toxicity. Our findings offer insights for integrating chemical and biological control strategies to manage sucking insect pests comprehensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare preoperative Ketamine nebulization versus saline nebulization in reducing the frequency and severity of sore throat postoperatively. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anesthesia, Combined Military Hospital, Bahawalpur Pakistan, from Jan to Jun 2022. Methodology: A total of 120 patients (60 in each group) with different surgeries filling the inclusion criteria were considered in the study. Adult patients of 20-60 years with ASA class 1-2 who were planned for elective surgery of less than 2 hours were included. Group-A patients underwent nebulization with Ketamine while in Group-B nebulization was done with normal saline. Results: A total of patients included were 120 (60 each group). Twenty-eight (23.3%) patients developed Post-Operative Sore Throat at some time after extubation. The frequency of Post-Operative Sore Throat with Ketamine was 13.3% and with saline it was 33.3%. Twenty (71.42%) patients of Post-Operative Sore Throat developed sore throat at 2 hours after extubation, of which 15 patients belong to Saline Group (p-value 0.01). Twenty-one patients of Post-Operative Sore Throat had mild sore throat of which 14 patients were of Saline Group (p-value 0.006). Conclusion: Ketamine nebulization postoperatively leads to reduced frequency and severity of Post-Operative Sore Throat in early post-operative period in patients in which endotracheal intubation was done for GA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare LED fluorescence microscopy and Ziehl-Neelsen staining in terms of their diagnostic performance in diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis, taking sputum specimens from patients suspected of pulmonary tuberculosis. Study Design: Prospective longitudinal study. Place and Duration of Study: Microbiology Department, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Rawalpindi, from Jan 2019 to Dec 2019. Methodology: Sputum samples from patients with clinical suspicion of pulmonary tuberculosis were stained using Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stain, fluorescent stain with Auramine O staining (AO) stain and Mycobacterial culture on Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT 960), to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis. WHO guidelines were followed to grade positive smears. Results: Among 206 patients with suspicion of tuberculosis, 143 (69%) were male, and 63 (30%) were female patients. The mean age of the patients was 53.67 ± 14.73 years. Out of 206 sputum samples, 64 were negative by all three techniques used. 142 (68%) specimens detected Mycobacterium tuber-culosison MGIT960. Within 142 culture-positive samples, only 40 samples were positive on Ziehl-Neelsen microscopy, whereas 97 samples were detected positive by LED fluorescent microscopy. In culture-negative samples, three were missed on Ziehl-Neelsen staining, which was positive with Fluorescent microscopy. Sensitivity and specificity for Ziehl-Neelsen smear microscopy were 26.7% and 96.8%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity for Fluorescent smear microscopy were 64.8% and 92.2%, respectively. Conclusion: We concluded that the efficacy of LED fluorescence microscopy has proven to have many potential advantages over conventional Ziehl-Neelsen microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine bacterial profile in adult sepsis with their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in our setup. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Microbiology Department, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Dec 2018 to Dec 2019. Methodology: Paired blood culture was collected in automated bottles and was processed as per standard protocol. The isolates were further identified and their susceptibility was performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2019 guidelines. Results: A total of 580 suspected septicaemia cases were taken into consideration. 169 (29.4%) were positive on blood cultures. Among culture-positive samples, Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) accounted for 113 (66.3%) isolates, while the remaining 56 (33.1%) were gram-positive isolates. Within gram-negative isolates, the most common species were 36 (31.8%) Klebsiella pneumonia, followed by 27 (23.8%) Acinetobacter species and 15 (13.2%) Escherichia coli. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was observed in 98 (86.7%) isolates. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production (ESBL) was reported in 73 (64.6%) of enterobacterial. Among 56 Gram-positive bacterial isolates, 25 (44.6%) were Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 23 (41%) were Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (MR-CONS). Of the isolates, 8 (14%) were Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). None of the MR-CoNS and S. aureus strains was resistant to vancomycin. Conclusion: Gram-negative bacilli outnumbered Gram-positive organisms in adult septicaemic patients. The majority of these organisms were multidrug-resistant, necessitating the need for timely culture and adjusting antimicrobials according to susceptibility profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of Bupivacaine local wound infiltration with Bupivacaine caudal block on postoperative pain in children undergoing open inguinal hernia repair. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi, from Jan to Sep 2019. Methodology: 60 patients (30 each in two groups) fulfilling the inclusion criteria who underwent open inguinal herniotomy were included in this study. Patients in group-A received caudal block with 0.25% Bupivacaine 1 ml/kg body weight, while Group-B received local wound infiltration of 0.5% Bupivacaine 2 mg/kg body weight after the completion of surgery. The post-operative pain score was calculated using Hannallah's objective pain scale at 30 minutes, one, two, four, six and eight hours following the procedure. A total pain score of 3 requiring the rescue analgesia in the form of oral Paracetamol (10 mg/kg body weight) was considered the endpoint. Results: Mean post-operative pain score was 8.20 ± 1.54 in group-A compared to 7.20 ± 1.88 in Group-B with the p-value of 0.02, which showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: We concluded that local infiltration with Bupivacaine after open herniotomy in children is safe, highly effective and easy to perform the procedure, which results in excellent post-operative analgesia compared to caudal Bupivacaine block. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the reasons for hesitancy regarding COVID-19 vaccines. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Feb to Jun 2021. Methodology: After Ethical Committee approval, 100 respondents were recruited, regardless of vaccination status, and requested to respond to 27 different myths and queries circulating about COVID-19 vaccines. Results: Mean age of participants was 36.25 ± 5.77 years, ranging from 15-80 years. Fifty-three were males and 47 females. 41% of subjects trusted the Sino-pharm vaccine, and 25% preferred Pfizer Bio N Tech, while 34% could not answer due to the lack of knowledge. 55% subjects showed concern about catching the infection from Vaccination. 54% considered vaccines unsafe for pregnant and breastfeeding women. 29% believed it unsafe for the elderly and those with comorbidities. 14% believed it could cause autism in children and infertility in adults. 62% individuals acknowledged that vaccines have no nano chips to track patients. 46% opined that vaccines were rushed through trials and had doubtful efficacy. 11% individuals thought vaccines could alter DNA, while most were aware of this false concept. 28% considered that vaccines were needless because recovery from COVID-19 was excellent, while 63% emphasised the need for Vaccination. 23% deemed the side effects of vaccines more dangerous than the disease itself. 85% individuals favoured use of mask and social distancing after getting the vaccine. Conclusion: Strong efforts are needed to support the COVID-19 vaccine and to eliminate negative propaganda on media outlets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus greening disease (CGD) is one of the economically significant diseases of Kinnow mandarin. Various management practices have been adopted to mitigate this disease. However, this disease can only be effectively minimized by the application of micronutrients which play an essential role in increasing the vigour of citrus against the disease. In the present study, typical symptoms of citrus greening, such as mottled leaves, were observed on the infected trees. The infected fruits were undeveloped and partially or entirely failed in attaining natural orange fruit colour. Moreover, the iodo-starch tests revealed that the color of HLB-positive leaves was dark grey to black across the sliced surface. Afterward, the Zinc sulfate and Manganese sulfate at the concentrations of 0.25 g/L, 0.5 g/L, and 0.75 g/L were applied on selected diseased plants in combination. Afterward, different vegetative, physiological, and biochemical parameters of citrus greening infected fruit include fruit diameter, fruit weight, flavedo thickness, total soluble solids, ascorbic acids, juice percentages, TSS/TA ratio, total soluble solids, and titratable acidity were statistically analyzed. The application of Zinc sulphate (0.75 g/L) combined with Manganese sulphate (0.75 g/L) had significantly increased the fruit diameter, fruit weight, flavedo thickness, total soluble solids, ascorbic acids, juice percentage, and TSS/TA ratio in the citrus greening diseased affected fruits. The other parameters such as titratable acidity, total sugars, reducing and non-reducing sugars in the citrus greening diseased affected fruits were not influenced significantly. In conclusion, the application of Zinc sulphate in combination with Manganese sulphate can enhance the vigour and quality of citrus fruits against citrus greening disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) is highly toxic metal which naturally exists in environment in small proportion but continuously increasing due to anthropogenic activities. The rapid increase in population is putting pressure on urbanization, agriculture and industrialization which have resulted in gradual increase in Cd level. It is released from industries as an impurity and pollutes soil, water and air in different ways. High solubility in water increases its mobility in the soil ecosystem. The use of sludge and chemical sprays on crops increase the Cd contamination besides some other heavy metals. Through nutrient cycling, it is taken up from the soil to plants and finally becomes the part of human body which warrants serious health concerns. Cadmium causes mild to severe effects on plants, animals and environmental health. Humans are exposed to cadmium through food, water intake, inhalation (cigarette) and dermal contact which then produces heart disease, kidney failure, lung cancer, orthopedic disease, nervous system failure, low immunity level, mental retardation and growth retardation. Different environmental friendly and low cost biological remedies are used nowadays to control Cd toxicity such as phytoremediation phytostabilisation, rhizofilteration, phytoextraction. This review paper has summarized the impact of Cd on soil, plants and humans and strategies to remove or minimize its toxicity by applying some low cost and environmental friendly techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrothermally synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were doped with varying concentration (1-4%) of neodymium. Nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Band gap tuning was observed with the addition of the dopant. With the addition of 4% Nd the band gap reduced to 3.00eV. The XRD study showed hexagonal structure of the synthesized material while SEM study revealed that the doping substantially affect he morphology of the nanoparticles. FTIR study showed the successful doping of the nanoparticles with Nd. The catalytic activity of the synthesized nanomaterials was evaluated while applying them for the degradation of Coomassie violet R200 dye under sun light and UV radiation. Effect of various parameters's like time, concentration, dosage rate and pH was also studied on the photodegradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To calculate the surgical outcomes of different approaches of tympanoplasty type 1 in terms of air bone gap closure, wound healing, and postoperative pain. Study Design: Prospective cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of ENT, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Teaching Institute (MTI), Lady Reading Hospital (LRH), Peshawar, Pakistan from Jun 2018 to May 2020. Methodology: Size of sample was 75 patients divided into three groups. Consent was obtained from all the patients included in study. After proper evaluation and relevant investigation pre- and post-operative PTA was performed. Tympanoplasty type-1 was performed by the same surgeon by the three approaches following established otological surgical protocol. Collected data was entered in SPSS-25 for analysis. Results: All 75 patients were divided into three equal groups. Male were 55 (73.3%), females were 20 (26.7%). Male: female ratio was 2.7:1. Majority of patients presented in 2nd and 3rd decades of life 31 (41.33%) and 28 (37.33%) respectively. Preoperative mean ± SD, ABG in groups A, B and C were 37.60 ± 11.28 dB, 37 ± 9.68 dB and 31.80 ± 12.40 dB, respectively. No significant difference was found amongst the three groups regarding pre-operative and post-operative ABG (p=0.85 and p=0.4), respectively. Mean ± SD, wound healing time in Groups A, B and C were 1.00 ± 0.00, 1.80 ± 0.40 and 1.76 ± 0.43 respectively with p=0.0001 and similarly postoperative pain with p=0.001. The wound healing time and post-operative was statistically better (p<0.05) in group A (Transmeatal approach) than other groups. Conclusion: Although wound healing time and post-operative pain were significantly minimum in transmeatal approach for tympanoplasty, but overall success rate of tympanoplasty was not statistically significant among these three approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the frequency of anterior knee pain after intramedullary interlocking nailing in tibial shaft fractures and to compare the intensity of anterior knee pain between positive and negative anterior cortex nail groups. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Combined Military Hospital Rawalpindi, from Oct 2018 to Apr 2019. Methodology: 100 cases of tibial shaft fracture were divided into two groups according to anterior cortex nail distance. Patients 18-40 years of age of both genders, closed fractures, Gustilo Andersen I open tibial diaphyseal fractures and nail tip more than 5mm from tibial tuberosity were included. Patients with osteoarthritis, pathological fractures, renal disease, open fracture GA-II & GA-III and knee instability were excluded from the study. Both groups with positive and negative anterior cortex nail distance were compared for pain using the chi-square test. Results: Frequency of anterior knee pain after intramedullary interlocking nailing in tibial shaft fractures was found in 24% of patients. 8 (16%) out of 50 patients in the group with nail tip deep to anterior cortex had anterior knee pain while 16 (32%) out of 50 patients in the group with nail tip protruding from anterior cortex suffered anterior knee pain (p-value = 0.061). Conclusion: Intramedullary interlocking nailing in tibial shaft fractures with nail tip deep to anterior cortex showed less pain as compared to nail tip protruding from anterior cortex although it was not statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan faces considerable losses in the field of agriculture every year as a result of termite activity. Numerous crops, particularly sugarcane, cotton, and wheat, are severely damaged by termites, resulting in substantial economic loss. Termites can potentially inflict significant agricultural losses, ranging from 20% to 45% of the harvest yield. Termites are also known to cause damage to stored food, wooden objects, household furniture, paper products, and various synthetic materials. They can attack both buried and above-ground parts of plants. They bite and chew on tubers, young and old leaves, stems, lower branches of the plants, and peanut seeds. Termite infestation is a considerable problem in the livelihood of the farmers of Pakistan. Termite swarming is a major problem and revenue constraint in the area, destroying crops in the field and store. Forests and orchards are rarely termites free, particularly when conditions are favourable for termites, such as drought. Furthermore, pasture lands used for grazing are susceptible to termites, leading to an acute shortage of animal feed. In this review, we tried to reveal all about the damages of termites in agriculture of Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice harvesting is generally done by hand or with a combine harvester. The major challenges include loss of yield and quality during the harvesting process. Rice yield and quality losses may be minimized with the use of a suitable harvesting method. This study aims to evaluate the different paddy harvesting methods in terms of grain losses and head rice yield. This research evaluated the three harvesting methods: a Head-feed harvester (model PRO-588I-G, Kubota, Japan), a Whole-stalk harvester (model 8060, NH, Italy), and manual harvesting. The experiments were carried out on an area of 12,060 m2 with a complete randomized design (CRD) and three replications during the year 2021. The yield-related crop parameters were measured before harvesting. All crop parameters were non-significant except for the productive tiller, filled and unfilled grain, and 1000-grain weight which were significant at p < 0.05. The grain moisture content during harvesting was 21% which was within the recommended range. The effect of harvesting methods on grain losses and head rice yield was highly significant at p < 0.01. Higher grain losses (10.73%) and lower head rice yield (15.40%) were found in the Whole-stalk harvester. Lower grain losses (4.78% and 2.96%) and greater head rice yields (31.73% and 29.73%) were obtained using Head-feed harvesters and manual harvesting, respectively. In conclusion, the Head-feed combine harvesters are found to be a more practical choice for paddy harvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine frequency of elevated serum uric acid levels in patients with coronary artery disease, association of hyperuricemia with severity of coronary artery disease, gender, age, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Internal Medicine department, Combined Military Hospital Multan, from Nov 2015 to May 2016. Methodology: One hundred and fifty patients with coronary artery disease were selected consecutively and admitted for coronary angiography. Serum uric acid levels were evaluated after eight hours fasting by photometric technique having normal reference range of 3.5-6.7 mg/dL. Coronary angiography was performed and Gensini score computed. To compare mean Gensini score between normouricemic and hyperuricemic population, student's t-test was applied. Results: A total of 150 study cases (mean age: 54.4 ± 8.5 years), 101 (67.3%) were male while 49 (32.7%) were female. Diabetes mellitus was present in 43 (28.7%) of cases and hypertension was present in 65 (43.3%). Hyperuricemia was noted in 58 (38.7%) of cases. The mean Gensini score in hyperuricemic patients was significantly higher (40.31 ± 14.64) compared to patients with normal serum uric acid levels (25.02 ± 10.94) (p<0.001). The frequency of hyperuricemia was significantly higher in males, patients ≤60 years of age, and patients with diabetes mellitus (p<0.001, p=0.001 and p=0.001). No significant asso-ciation with hypertension was observed (p=0.314). Conclusion: Frequency of 38.7% for hyperuricemia was noted in our study among patients with coronary artery disease. Hyperuricemia was significantly associated with higher Gensini score, male gender, younger age, and diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planting method is an important aspect of production technology for the maximum resource utilization by crops per unit area. Dry-seeded rice (DSR) is a contemporary resource saving crop establishing technique, which enables farmers to harvest economical rice production. Field study was conducted at Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, Pakistan in 2014 and in 2015 to evaluate the different planting methods. Three dry-seeded rice (DSR) planting methods viz. (i) DSR-broadcast, (ii) DSR-drill, (iii) DSR-ridges were compared with the conventional transplanting (TR) method in lines having row to row and plant to plant distance of 22.5cm distance, and farmer transplanting method. Experimental design was randomized complete block, replicated 3 times. Data were recorded on height (cm), tillers m-2, filled and unfilled grains panicle-1, thousand grain weight (g), grain and biomass yield (t ha-1). Grain sterility (%) and harvest index (%) were also calculated. Highest grain yield (5.00 to 5.11 t ha-1) with harvest index (30.00 to 31.50%) and relatively low grain sterility (12.00 to 12.01%) were observed in DSR-ridge and DSR-drill sowing method. Moreover, DSR (i.e. DSR-ridge and -drill) resulted in 104 and 76 % more profit over TR-farmer practice. The study concluded that DSR-ridge and DSR-drill proved to be the best to obtain the maximum paddy yield and net profit. Farmers can adopt these methods to harvest maximum benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric corrosion is a big threat to the steel structures. This is because it compromises its structural integrity, aesthetic aspects and overall efficiency. An attempt has been made to counteract this through surface engineering of substrates including glass and steel by using modified zinc oxide nanoparticles to increase hydrophobicity. The synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles is carried out by using sol-gel method, thereafter these particles were modified by using stearic acid; a fatty acid. The zinc oxide nanoparticles were characterized by using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) which confirms the presence of hexagonal wurtzite structure. Moreover, the Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM) reveals the hexagonal wurtzite morphology of as prepared nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirms the grafting of stearic acid on the surface of ZnO in bidentate form. The water Contact Angle obtained by using sessile drop method gives a statistical value of 140o which is of great interest due to higher water repellency and lower surface contact area. Finally, corrosion test was carried out on the coated steel substrate by means of conventional corrosion testing technique and it is observed that the coated sample decays three times slower than that of its bare steel counterpart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micronutrients deficiency in alkaline-calcareous soils is a major constraint to get optimum crop yield. The possible solution could be the site-specific nutrient management after assessing the micronutrient status at a particular site. This study was conducted to quantify and visualize the spread of plant available micronutrients in district Mandi Bahauddin. Total 1194 georeferenced soil samples were collected at a depth of 0-15cm maintaining a sampling grid cell size of 10-acres (40469 m2) throughout the sampling area. These samples were analyzed for plant available Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn) following Diethylenetriamine Penta-Acetate (DTPA) extraction methodology. Quantification was carried out by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Hot water-soluble (HWS) Boron (B) was determined spectrophotometrically. Additionally, soil samples were also analysed for electrical conductivity (EC), soil pH and soil organic matter (SOM) contents. These characteristics were correlated with plant available micronutrients. The DTPA-extractable Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn ranged from 0.07-5.60, 0.11-1.22, 0.74-7.45 and 0.02-3.39 mg/Kg soil, respectively. Boron ranged from 0.06-0.69 mg/Kg soil. Considering the critical limits set by National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Islamabad, Pakistan, 92% soil samples were found deficient in B followed by 44% soil samples low in Fe. Whereas, Zn, Cu and Mn were deficient in 5, 1 and 12% of soil samples, respectively. Soil EC and pH of analysed samples ranged from 0.10 to 3.74 dSm-1 and 6.70 to 8.40, respectively. Soil was free from salinity and sodicity menace. However, soil was deficient regarding SOM with mean value of 0.69%. The correlations between soil pH and plant available Zn, Fe, Mn, and B were significant and negative. The ordinary kriging technique was used to assess the micronutrient status at non-sampling sites and research area was classified into low, marginal, and adequate categories according to plant available micronutrient status. Digital maps thus developed using Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) would help to apply micronutrients more precisely and site-specifically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is a severe constraint for chickpea productivity across the globe. In Pakistan, it is primarily cultivated in drought-prone regions and marginal lands where moisture stress is a major limiting factor for chickpea production. In order to identify drought resilient chickpea genotypes, a field experiment consisting of 16 elite genotypes was carried out in two environments i.e. under moisture stress and non-stress environment following randomized complete block design at Gram Breeding Research Station, Kallurkot, Punjab, Pakistan during rabi season of 2018-19. Under moisture stress conditions, highly significant positive correlation was exhibited by drought tolerance efficiency (DTE) with final grain yield followed by seed weight (SW) and pods plant-1(NPP), while significant negative correlation was expressed by drought susceptibility index (DSI) to grain yield. Study of drought indices revealed that the highest DTE was presented by Punjab-2008 (84.13) followed by CH12/12, D-16004, CH-09/12, TG-1218 and TG-1221 (83.84, 80.10, 72.27, 69.93 and 69.31% respectively) coupled with least DSI (0.39, 0.40, 0.49, 0.69, 0.75 and 0.76 respectively). Results indicated that the genotypes Punjab-2008, CH12/12, D-16004, CH-09/12, TG-1218 and TG-1221 possess high drought tolerance and higher yield potential under moisture stress environment. Therefore, these genotypes may be included in chickpea breeding program for development of stress tolerant varieties for drought prone areas of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pandemic of COVID-19 is globally on the rise. Routes of transmission include human to human contact. Dentists are at highest risk of coronavirus infection contraction and dissemination. Due to recent outbreak of this disease, definitive guidelines on this subject are not sufficient for various procedures. Awareness of protective measures for dental practices may reduce the number of new cases within the country. The aim of this study was to evaluate the awareness of cross infection control measures during stage I of pandemic of COVID-19 within dental practices of Pakistan. A cross sectional study based on evidence provided by The School and Hospital of Wuhan University9was conducted during the stage I of spread of coronavirus amongst general dental practitioners of Pakistan. A questionnaire comprising of 10 questions pertinent to the cross-infection protocol for COVID-19 in a dental setting was constructed. Sample size was calculated for registered general dental practitioners of Pakistan. The form was communicated to 200 general dental practitioners all over Pakistan. Out of these, 143 (71.5%) responded. Majority participants showed adequate level of awareness (more than 66%), for protection measures against corona virus COVID-19 in a dental practice. However, few aspects need more emphasis. such as during initial patient interview, temperature evaluation, radiographic records, pre-operative rinses, nature of permissible procedures, surface disinfection, irrigation and drainage methods, to control the chain the infection transmission. Earlier awareness of COVID-19 specific protection measures to health professionals may reduce the number of new diseased cases. Strict adherence to social distancing generally and COVID-19 specific cross infection control measures in a dental setting might help in timely control of this potentially deadly disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts to understand the dynamics of the Centre-Punjab relation from 2018-2013 which are of immense importance because during this period PPP was in power in the centre and PMLN dominated the political affairs in the province of Punjab and this was a unique period of Pakistan history of federation in Pakistan. History of Pakistan reveals that Federal structure in Pakistan has been evolving and sometimes getting refined shape and sometime vice versa. But federal system during the period under discussion got maturity and refinement, due to variety of factors. It is generally perceived that federal structure got improved because the PMLN and PPP respected and honoured the Charter of Democracy signed by both the parties, therefore they mainly focused on the policy matter and tried to avoid petty issues. It was because of their mutual understanding and consensus that they passed the 18th Amendment, and other resolutions and legislations of national importance and of common interests, were proved in the National Assembly. These constitutional and political developments in the centre helped to create conducive environment for greater working relations between the centre and provinces. However, there were few irritants that were observed from 2008 to 2013 between the federation and Punjab and those irritants weakened the working of the federal structure. Sometime it appeared that the working relations between the Centre and Province had disturbed if not halted altogether which directly impacted the socio-economic and political development in the country. The more the federation tried to tighten its grip over provincial matters, the greater was the negative effect it caused on the working of the federal system. The Punjab government under Mian Shahbaz Sharif took strong stand about some issues, and even he went to that level that the Chief Minister refused to accord official protocol to the Prime Minister of Pakistan which was unfortunate phenomenon and spoiled smooth working of the federal system in Pakistan. Therefore, it is significant to understand the factors that caused irritants between the federation and the Punjab and how both reacted to them and what were the implications of these irritants. The study will try to find answer to the following queries: What was form and shape of the federal structure during the period under study 2008-2013 and what role did political parties play to strengthen the federal structure and how the centre dealt with the Punjab and why Punjab showed agreement and disagreement over the issues. This study will try to point out the main irritants between the centre and Punjab which weakened the smooth working of federal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a main staple food in Pakistan, after wheat and is generally cultivated through raising nursery seedlings and transplanting them in puddled soils. Declining surface water, high cost of pumped groundwater, high labor costs, and drudgery in manually transplanted rice (TPR) have motivated researchers to develop alternated technology such as direct seeded rice (DSR). About 30% of total water used in rice cultivation is consumed for puddling of soil (land preparation) and transplanting operations. Physical properties of soils are deteriorating due to continued puddling over the decades, resulting in structural breakdown leads to a compacted layer (the plough plate) that acts as a barrier to the infiltration of water and causes temporary waterlogging, which confines the penetration of roots and growth of a subsequent wheat crop after the harvesting of rice crop. DSR technology helps by eliminating the need for continuous ponding of water and thus lessens water use for rice production, resulting in saving of 15-20% of water over TPR. DSR is also a less labor-intensive and more farmers-friendly, time-saving and cost-effective technology than TPR. The Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, has refined the DSR technology and production practices and conducted 20 field demonstrations of DSR with modified seed drills during 2017 in Gujranwala, Hafizabad, Narowal, Sheikhupura, and Sialkot districts. The super basmati rice variety was direct seeded in comparison with manually TPR. The DSR was carried out in well prepared dry seed bed with the help of tractor mounted rice drill. Irrigation was applied immediately after sowing and after 24 hours pendimethline was sprayed as pre-emergence weedicide. The irrigation was repeated about 4-5 days after pre-emergence weedicide application and afterwards about 3-5 days interval till tillering phase and then 5-7 days interval till crop maturity. The overall results indicated that paddy yield was 20% higher under DSR as compared to TPR. Moreover, during 2017 in Punjab Province, Pakistan, more than 2500 farmers cultivated rice using DSR on an area of about 10000 ha and found it more cost effective than manually TPR. Therefore, farmers can opt this technology to harvest maximum benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the frequency of hyponatremia in acute cerebrovascular accidents and explore the relationship of hyponatremia with age, gender, type, and duration of cerebrovascular accidents. Study Design: Cross-sectional analytical study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Internal Medicine, Combined Military Hospital Peshawar, from Dec 2016 to Jun 2017. Methodology: In this study, a total of 127 patients with acute cerebrovascular accidents i.e. within 12 hours of onset were enrolled. Serum sodium levels were evaluated at the initial presentation of the patient at the emergency department after confirmation of cerebrovascular accidents following clinical evaluation and computed tomography scan of brain without contrast. Results: In this study, the mean age was 46 ± 8.7 years. Seventy-four (58%) patients were males while 53 (42%) patients were females. Eighty-six (68%) patients had ischemic cerebrovascular accidents while 41 (32%) patients had hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accidents. Thirty-eight (30%) patients had hyponatremia. Stratification of hyponatremia with age, gender, duration of cerebrovascular accidents, and the type of cerebrovascular accidents showed statistically insignificant correlation with p-value >0.05. Conclusion: The frequency of hyponatremia in our cohort of acute cerebrovascular accidents patients was 30%. There was no association between hyponatremia and age, gender, type, or duration of cerebrovascular accidents. Monitoring of serum sodium levels must be done in all patients who are admitted with a cerebrovascular accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To assess psychological morbidity and level of self-esteem in patients of acne vulgaris. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan from June 2017 to December 2017. Study was approved by ethical board of Shifa hospital. One hundred and fifty-six acne vulgaris patients of both genders, aging =16 years were selected by convenient sampling technique. Informed consent was taken from all participants. After collecting demographic details, each patient was assessed for psychological morbidity using General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and self-esteem was measured by Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES). Data collected was analyzed by using SPSS version 20. RESULTS: Out of 156 enrolled patients, 108 (69.2%) were females and 48 (30.8%) were males. Mean age of was 22.03±5.96 years. Mean duration of acne was 25.69±21.74 months. The most commonly affected area of the body with acne was face (n=108/156, 69.2%) followed by chest (n=24/156, 15.4%), shoulders (n=13/156, 8.3%) and back (n=11/156, 7.1%). A dominant proportion of the sample had positive family history of acne (82/156, 52.6%), were unmarried (118/156, 75.6%) and had a good educational background [graduates=53/156 (34.0%)]. A total of 27 (17.3%) patients had low esteem reported as per RSES and 146 (93.6%) were labelled as having psychological morbidity as per GHQ-12 scale. Fisher's exact test showed no statistical significance between low esteem and psychological morbidity (p=0.2126). CONCLUSION: The patients suffering from acne can suffer from low selfesteem. However, the proportion of patients having psychological morbidity because of acne is much higher and independent of self-esteem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the etiology and clinical profile of chronic liver disease in children presenting at Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Department of Pediatrics, Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi, from Sep 2015 to Sep 2016. Methodology: After informed written consent, 84 consecutive children diagnosed of chronic liver disease were included in the study and demographic features, presentation and underlying etiology. Results: There were 43 (51.2%) male and 41 (48.8%) female children with a mean age of 46.62 ± 46.89 months. Frequent presenting complaints were jaundice (32.1%) persistent neonatal jaundice (29.8%), abdominal distension (27.4%). Hepatosplenomegaly was the frequent presentation of children with glycogen storage disease while persistent neonatal jaundice was associated with biliary atresia and neonatal hepatitis. Wilson disease presented with neurological symptoms. Glycogen storage disease and biliary atresia were the most frequent underlying etiologies recorded in 15 (17.9%) children. The frequency of Wilsons disease was significantly higher among children aged between 5-10 years. Conclusion: The frequent clinical presentations of children with chronic liver disease were jaundice, abdominal distension and hepatosplenomegaly. Glycogen Storage Disorders, Biliary atresia and Wilsons Disease and were the most frequently encountered etiologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunflower is important oil seed crop for human being diet and sulphur plays major role in increasing the achen yield and oil content. A field study was conducted to observe the effects of sulphur on sunflower growth, oil content and yield. The sulphur rates were 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 kg ha-1. The recomended rates of nitrogen, phosphorus and potasium were given to all plots of different treatments. The economical important plant growth parameters ; height of plant (cm), stem girth, diameter of flower disk (cm), quantity of achenes (head-1), weight of 1000 achenes, oil (%) in achene, yield (ha-1), and sulphur content (%) in plant straw were evaluated. The values among the treatments for higher plant height (161.80 cm), wide stem girth (4.80 cm), flower head diameter (15.40 cm), maximum number of achene head-1 (787), weight of 1000 achenes (50.29 g), higher grain yield ha-1 (650.33 kg), oil content % (42.20), achene yield plant-1 (39.57 g) and sulphur content % of plant straw (0.225) were recorded when sulpher rate at 20 kg ha-1 were applied to crop. These values were significantly higher compared to other S levels of 5,10 and 15 kg ha-1. The outcome of experiment had revealed that with the increasing level of S, the sunflower plant growth and yield attributes were significantly improved. The application of sulphur at 20 kg ha-1 was superior in enhancing overall growth, achene yield and oil content % of sunflower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of needle assisted laparoscopic repair (NALR) of inguinal hernias in children. Study Design: Cross-sectional analytical study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pediatric surgery, Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, from Aug 2017 to Apr 2018. Material and Methods: A total of 50 patients were included in the study. All the patients were diagnosed with inguinal hernias on the basis of history given by parents and clinical examination. All patients underwent NALR of inguinal hernias after preoperative workup and informed written consent. Pneumoperitoneum was created in all cases by open method. Transumblical 3mm port was used for telescope along with a single 3mm port in lower abdomen for grasping forceps. Internal inguinal ring was closed by transfixing it with a loop suture using 22 G spinal needle and 2/0 prolene suture. Operative time and presence of contralateral processus vaginalis was noted. Patients were followed up at four weeks and three months for postoperative complications. Results: Age of the patients ranged from 12 years, Mean ± SD was calculated as 40.36 ± 37.74. Regarding inguinal hernia site, n=17 (34%) have right sided hernia, n=13 (26%) have left sided hernia while bilateral hernia were present in n=20 (40%), 9 patients (18%) were found to have occult patent processus vaginalis peroperatively. Mean operative time ranged from 9 minutes to 25 minutes with Mean ± SD calculated as 15.94 ± 5.30. All operations were completed laparoscopically without need of conversion to open herniotomy. There were no intraoperative complications; No case of matachronous contralateral inguinal herniaor hydrocele formation and wound related complications during follow up at 4 weeks and 3 months. Conclusion: LNAR of inguinal hernias in children is an effective, quick and safe technique which can be easily learnt due to its simplicity to perform. This technique can be employed in both male and female pediatric population with promising results. One main advantage is the ability to pick up the occult patent internal ring which can be repaired in the single stage to prevent the development of metachronous inguinal hernia in the later age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare per-operative normal saline wound irrigation prior to closure with conventional simple wound closure without irrigation in terms of development of surgical site infection (SSI) in clean contaminated wounds. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Surgery, Combined Military Hospital Dera Nawab Sahib, from Nov 2014 to Nov 2016. Material and Methods: Group A and group B had 355 patients each. Group A was subjected to per-operative surgical wound irrigation with 300 ml of normal saline prior to skin closure while group B was subjected to conventional simple closure of surgical wound without any kind of wound irrigation. Development of postoperative SSI was checked till 30th post-operative day (POD). A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Postoperative SSI was comparatively less in group A (4.5%) as compared to group B (10.2%) which was statistically significant (p 0.004). Conclusion: Per-operative surgical wound irrigation was found superior to conventional simple wound closure in terms of development of SSI in clean contaminated cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the success rate of intrauterine balloon tamponade versus B Lynch suture in the management of severe postpartum hemorrhage. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Combined Military Hospital, Bahawalpur, from Jan 2017 to Jun 2017. Materials and Methods: A total of 104 patients with severe postpartum hemorrhage, 20 to 35 years of age of gestational age 36-42 weeks were included in the study. Patients with genital tract trauma, retained products of conception, ruptured uterus and any bleeding disorderwere excluded. Then selected patients were placed randomly into group A (intrauterine balloon tamponade) & group B (B Lynch suture) by using lottery method. Outcome variables like control of bleeding within 15 minutes after procedure (success rate) was noted. Results: The mean age of women in group A was 27.69 ± 3.68 years and in group B was 27.60 ± 3.65 years. The mean gestational age in group A was 39.98 ± 1.57 weeks and in group B was 40.04 ± 1.68 weeks. Success was 67.31% in group A (intrauterine balloon tamponade) and 88.46% in group B (B Lynch suture) with p-value of 0.009, showing statistically significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: This study concluded that success rate (stoppage of bleeding within 15 minutes) of B Lynch suture is better as compared to intrauterine balloon tamponade in the management of severe postpartum hemorrhage and should be used as first line procedure in controlling severe PPH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the efficacy of ondansetron with a combination of ondansetron and dexamethasone after elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy in terms of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Surgery, Combined Military Hospital Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Apr 2014 to Mar 2015. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and twenty two patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected for study and divided into two groups of 111 each. Group A was given ondansetron while group B was given combination of ondansetron and dexamethasone at induction of general anesthesia. Patients of both groups were observed at 24 hours postoperatively for nausea and vomiting. Results: Sixty six patients in group A had nausea as compared to 50 patients in group B (p-value 0.03), 46 patients in group A had vomiting as compared to 19 patients in group B (p-value <0.001), showing statistically significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: Postoperative nausea and vomiting is significantly lower in ondansetron and dexamethasone combination group as compared to ondansetron alone group after elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field study was carried out in the experimental field of Department of Agriculture and Agribusiness Management, University of Karachi to evaluate the efficacy of Neonicotinoids and Insect growth Regulators (IGRs) against jassid (Amrasca devastans Dist.) on eggplant crop. The crops were grown in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, each have five treatments inclusive of control. The recommended doses of Nitenpyram, Clothianidin, Momentum (combination of Nitenpyram+Chlorfenapyr) and Buprofezin were applied when population of insect pests reached at economic threshold level (ETL). Pretreatment data were taken before 24 hours and post-treatment data were recorded after 24, 72, 168 and 336 hours of each spray. In this manner the data of three sprays were collected. Amongst neonicotinoids Clothianidin was found to be very effective with 84% reduction in jassid population even after 7 days of application, followed by Nitenpyram 71% and Momentum 67%, while buprofezin showed moderate effectiveness with 65% reduction. The mean data of three consecutive sprays after 14 days, revealed that the effectiveness decreased with the time increased of all the insecticides (Clothianidin> Nitenpyram> Monetum) 61, 59 and 52 % respectively, as compared to Insect Growth Regualtor (IGR) buprofezin which showed less reduction (44 %) in jassid population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To conduct a five-year bibliometric analysis of Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal from 2011 to 2015. Study Design: Retrospective secondary data analysis. Place and Duration of Study: Department of General Surgery, Combined Military Hospital Bahawalpur. Material and Methods: The data of all publications excluding editorials and letters to editor published in Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal (PAFMJ) from 2011 to 2015 was downloaded from the Journal website and analyzed in terms of bibliometric parameters. Results: Total number of research documents from 2011 to 2015 was 749, comprising of 648 original articles, 13 review articles and 88 case reports. The number of publications per year ranged from 130 to 186. Three-author contributions ranked the highest with 214 publications (28.57%). Most of the publications have an average of 11-20 citations (n=394, 52.60%). Pathology should have been further classified remained the most popular medical specialty with 83 publications (11.08%). Conclusion: The issue numbers per year for PAFMJ and have been gradually increased over time. Original articles are the main type of papers for this journal. The publication is open for all fields of medical and dental sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new alkaloidal steroid glycosides; solanoid A and B (1 and 2), along with two known alkaloidal steroid glycosides; solamargine (3) and khasianine (4) a known steroidal saponin; dioscin (5), a benzoylated steroid, carpesterol (6) methyl caffeate (7), ferulic acid (8) and oleic acid (9) were isolated from the methanolic extract of Solanum surattense. The new compounds were identified through 1D and 2D NMR techniques, and high resolution mass spectrometric analysis, while the known compounds were elucidated due to 1D NMR, mass spectrometry and in comparison with the literature values of their spectroscopic data. Compounds 1-6 were evaluated for anti-α- glucosidase, anti-urease and antioxidant activity, where only compound 6 inhibited the activity of α- glucosidase with IC50 value of 42.26 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the efficacy of 0.2% brimonidine eye drops on control of intraocular pressure following Neodymium: Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet (Nd: YAG) laser posterior capsulotomy. Study Design: Quasi experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted in department of Ophthalmology, Combined Military Hospital Peshawar of six months duration from Oct 2013 to Mar 2014. Material and Methods: A total of 182 patients were included in this study. One drop of 0.2% brimonidine one hour prior to laser treatment was instilled in the eyes of patients. Cornea was anaesthetized with topical 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride. "Ocular instruments ® Abraham Capsulotomy YAG contact lens" was used along with Q-switched Zeiss VISULAS YAG III (Nd: YAG) laser system to make a hole of 3-4mm in the posterior capsule using minimum amount of total laser energy. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 15.0. Mean and standard deviation was calculated for numeric variables like age and intraocular pressure at different occasions. Frequency and percentage was calculated for categoric variable i.e. gender. Efficacy was stratified among age and gender to see effect modifiers. Results: The mean age of participants was 63.3 ± 7.7 years. Out of 182 patients, 109 (59.9%) were male while remaining 73 patients (40.1%) were female. Brimonidine 0.2% eye drops proved effective in 162 patients (89.0%). Stratification of age and sex with regard to efficacy of 0.2% brimonidine eye drops was carried out. Conclusion: The use of 0.2% brimonidine has been proven effective to counteract the IOP increase following Nd: YAG laser capsulotomy in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imbalance use of nutrients is one of the main reasons of low yield of the sunflower. The use of essential macro and micronutrients in the right proportion and optimum quantity is the key factor to boost and sustain the crop productivity. Among plant nutrient deficiencies, nitrogen and boron limitation is the most prevailing problem in the world, which is involved in the decline of sunflower production. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to examine the combined effect of nitrogen and boron on growth, yield and oil quality of sunflower hybrids during 2009. Two nitrogen levels (0 and 150 kg ha-1) and three boron levels (0, 2 and 3 kg ha-1) were tested against two sunflower hybrids (Hysun-33 and DK-4040). All the growth and yield components like plant height, stem diameter, head diameter, achene and biological yield were significantly affected by varying levels of nitrogen and boron fertilizers. Results revealed that boron/nitrogen synergetic effect additively increased yield and yield components in sunflower plant. The oil and protein contents of sunflower were significantly affected by varying levels of both nitrogen and boron and maximum oil contents were observed when boron was applied @ 2 kg ha-1 with 0 kg ha-1 of nitrogen whereas maximum protein contents were recorded when 2 kg ha-1 boron was applied in combination with 150 kg ha-1 of nitrogen of both hybrids (H1=Hysun-33 and H2=DK-4040). The combined application of nitrogen (N1) (150 kg ha-1) and boronB1 (2 kg ha-1) also resulted in maximum net income (88518 Rs.) and benefit cost ratio (1.25) for Hysun-33. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A phased array antenna is a set of 2 or more antennas or arrays in which the signals from each array are combined or processed to achieve maximum improved performance over that of a single antenna. The phased array antenna is used; to maximize the signal to interference ratio (SINR); to determine the direction of arrival of the received signals; to steer the angle of array to achieve maximum gain and directivity; interference cancellation from a particular direction; increase overall directivity and gain and to deliver multiplicity reception. In this paper, reduction of grating lobes and to achieve maximum beamforming and also the advantages and performance of phased array antenna has been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc and Boron dearth is an imperative soil constraint in Pakistan. Zinc (Zn) and boron (B) deficiency in soil is primary hindrance to achieve yield potential of maize. An experiment was conducted with the objectives to optimize methods of B and Zn application in maize and ultimately enhance profitability. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with factorial arrangement during autumn 2015. Treatments were replicated three times. The treatments were comprised of C = no Zn and B (Control); Zn (S) = soil application of Zn @ of 12 kg ha-1; B (S): soil application of B @ 3 kg ha-1; Zn (F) = foliar application of 1% Zn at 9th leaf stage; B (F) = foliar application of 0.5% B at 9th leaf stage; Zn (S) + B (S) = soil application of Zn @ 12 kg ha-1 + B @ of 3 kg ha-1 and Zn (F) + B (F) = foliar application of 1% Zn + 0.5% B at 9 leaf stage. Foliar application of Zn and B produced more plant height, cob length, girth, stem girth, shelling percentage, number of grains per cob, 1000-grain weight, harvest index, grain and biological yield. Maximum marginal rate of return was obtained with foliar application of both Zn and B and using foliar Zn alone. Integrated B and Zn application produced more marginal rate of returns both in soil and foliar applications. Use of foliar Zn application also depicted promising results while foliar or soil B application without using Zn enhanced cost of production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean is one of the most important legumes rich in high quality protein and oil. Its cultivation in Pakistan is restricted to few areas due to poor germination and low seed viability. The optimum yield and quality of this oil seed crop is noticeably affected by its lower germination rate. To address the problem of poor germination and low seed viability, a field study was conducted at Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, during spring 2011. The experiment was composed of two soybean varieties (Faisal Soybean and 95-1) and five priming techniques (control, on-farm priming, hydro priming, hydration inoculation and osmo priming with 0.5% urea solution. Results revealed that hydro priming, on-farm priming and hydration inoculation significantly reduced the time to 50% emergence (E50), mean emergence time (MET) and emergence index (EI) of both soybean varieties. Moreover, osmo priming had no significant effect on E50, MET and EI that was at par with control. On an average, days to maturity (96.42), plant height (25.84 cm), plant population at harvest (25.22), 1000-seed weight (94.97 g), seed yield (1.71 t ha-1) and biological yield (4.37 t ha-1) of both soybean varieties was significantly improved by hydration inoculation and hydro priming techniques. It was concluded that hydration inoculation and hydro priming were best techniques for better stand establishment of soybean and may be recommended for farmers having the problem of less germination and poor stand establishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serum IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody in the diagnosis of celiac disease taking histopathology as gold standard. Study Design: Cross-sectional survey. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the department of Pediatrics, Military Hospital Rawalpindi from April 2015 to July 2016. Patients and Methods: Ninety-five consecutive children presenting with suspicion of celiac disease were included in this study after taking written informed consent. A predesigned proforma was used to record patient's demographic details. Anti-tTG level of =25 U/ml was taken as diagnostic of celiac disease while results of histopathology on endoscopic biopsy were taken as gold standard. Results: The mean age of the patients was 6.48 ± 3.20 years and majority (n=53, 55.8%) of the children were aged between 5 to 10 years. The serum anti-tTG level ranged from 8.0 U/ml to 759.0 U/ml with a mean of 298.75 ± 225.51 U/ml. Taking a cut-off value of =25 U/ml for anti-tTG, 81 (85.3%) children were suspected of celiac disease. Histopathology of endoscopic biopsy confirmed celiac disease in 68 (71.6%) children with 62 true positive, 19 false positive, 6 false negative and 8 true negative cases. It yielded 91.18% sensitivity, 29.63% specificity and 73.68% accuracy for anti-tTG (=25 U/ml) in the diagnosis of celiac disease with positive and negative predictive values of 76.54% and 57.14% respectively. Conclusion: IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody (=25 U/ml) was found to be highly sensitive test for the detection of celiac disease in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carisphthalate, a new cyclic trimer of ethylene terephthalate (1) along with β-sitosterol (2), 6-hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin (3), ursolic acid (4), epigenin (5), luteolin (6) and β-sitosterol 3- O-β-D-glucopyarnoside (7) have been isolated from the methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Carissa opaca. The structures of these isolates (1-7) were established by 1D (¹H, 13C), 2D NMR (COSY, HSQC, HMBC) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (EIMS, HREIMS, FABMS, HRFABMS). The structure of compound 1 was also confirmed by single X-ray crystallographic analysis. All the compounds (1-7) were screened for DPPH free radical scavenging and enzyme inhibitory activities against the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and lipoxygenase (LOX). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aervfuranoside (1), a new chlorinated dibenzofuran glycoside together with ten (2-11) known compounds were isolated from ethyl acetate soluble fraction of methanolic extract of the flowers of Aerva javanica. The structures of isolates were elucidated by the combination of 1D (¹H and 13C-NMR), 2D (HMQC, HMBC and COSY) NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (FABMS, HRFABMS) or in comparison with the literature data in case of known metabolites. Among these isolates, only compounds 1-3 were evaluated for DPPH free radical scavenging potential and enzyme inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), lipoxygenase (LOX) and metallo-ß-lactamase (IMP-1). The test compound 2 exhibited moderate inhibition of the enzyme lipoxygenase with the IC50 value of 53.5 µM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]