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The present study was conducted to evaluate 108 inbred lines of maize planted in two separate trials under normal irrigation and water stress conditions. Parental selection for further study was done with regards to grain yield and its related traits. Inbred lines explained a broad range of genetic variability and displayed different levels of drought tolerance. Four inbred lines were selected i.e. VDR-51, DR3-126, DR-37 and 5CDR-53. Crosses were done among the selected inbred lines. Six generations as P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 were prepared for both the crosses to calculate heterosis and inbreeding depression for Randomized Complete Block Design under split plot arrangement. Highly significant inbreeding depression was recorded for all traits indicating a dominant type of gene action. Heterosis was high for both crosses along with high inbreeding depression. All these results exhibit that the hybrid breeding is the best option for inbreds to exploit their potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generation mean analysis belongs to the quantitative biometric methods based on measurement of phenotypic performances of certain quantitative traits on as many as possible plant individuals in basic experimental generations. Initially, 108 inbred lines of maize were planted in two separate trails under water deficit and normal irrigation conditions in the experimental field of Department of Plant Breeding and Molecular Genetics. Selection of parents for further study was done with regards to grain yield and its component traits. Broad range of genetic diversity was shown by the inbred lines and displayed different levels of drought tolerance. Four inbred lines were selected i.e., VDR-51, DR3-126, DR-37 and 5CDR-53. Crosses were attempted between the selected inbred lines. Six generations as P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 were prepared for both the crosses for the estimation of gene action under generation mean analysis and planted in a triplicated Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) under split plot arrangement. Most of the traits in both the crosses under natural in addition to drought conditions were controlled by the dominance gene action as indicated by generation mean analysis. Five parameter model (mdhij) indicated that genes which control the grain yield were mostly dominate in nature but also influenced by the epistatic effects of additive genes under natural conditions. These results favoured that the hybrid breeding is the best option in the given set of inbreds to best exploit their potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is designed to identify the causes of poverty. Current research also points out two import demographic factors (marital status and profession) and finds relationship with poverty. Secondary data was used from the Statistical Department with their permission. The multiple comparison tests and Chi-Square tests were used for obtaining the results. Results propose those public sector employees are more contented than from other those who are working in diverse sectors/professions. The results also indicate that married people are richer as compare to unmarried people. Similarly, divorced women are suffering much from the poverty as compare to married women. Overall marital status has significant relation with wealth index or poverty. Profession is also play a significant role with wealth index. In future researches, other vital variables like gender and the education level may also include. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: 1) to study the presentations and findings of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and histopathology of goiter 2) to study the outcome of surgical procedures for goiter in otorhinolaryngology ward of a teaching hospital. METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of ENT, Head and Neck Surgery, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar from May 2012 to April 2013. All the patients of any age and either gender having goiter requiring surgery were included. Every patient was evaluated in terms of detailed history, thorough examination and relevant investigations. Thyroidectomy was performed according to the nature and extent of disease. The data were collected on a predesigned proforma and analyzed using SPSS version 16. RESULTS: Out of 72 patients, 62 (86.1%) were female and 10 (13.9%) were males. Mean age was 38.61+13.87 years. The main complaints was anterior neck swelling (100%), lasting for >2 years in 51.4% patients. Both lobes of thyroid were enlarged in 51.4% patients and mean size of goiter was 2.18+0.71 cm2. Solitary thyroid nodule was the commonest (45.8%) observation. Adenomatous colloid nodule was diagnosed 65.3% and 77.8% on FNAC and histopathology respectively. Malignancy was noted in 22.2% cases on histopathology. Partial thyroidectomy was performed in 43.1% cases. Complication rate was 23.6%; wound dehiscence (6.9%) and post-operative hematoma (5.6%) were the commonest complications. CONCLUSION: Goiter was common in females of middle age and majority had solitary thyroid nodule. Benign adenomatous colloid nodule was the commonest findings on histopathology. Majority underwent partial thyroidectomy and complication rate was 23.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]