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Audio Visual Aids (A.V. Aids) are devices, which are used in teaching to make the learning experience more effective and dynamic. A.V. Aids have made improvements in learning process through involving the sense of hearing and/or sense of sight. The history of the A.V aids can be traced back to the Greek period, however, the technological advancement brought new innovations in the form of computer assisted programs and accessories. In comparison with developed countries, the developing countries including Pakistan experience the lack of modern A.V. Aids as well as the required technical know-how for their effective use. The aim of this paper is to explore the use of A.V. Aids, their type, teachers' training for their effective use, policy imperatives and role of private public schools in adoption of A.V. Aids in education in private schools in district Peshawar, KP province. To achieve objectives of the study, data was collected from teachers of private schools through close and open ended questionnaire. Information was also collected from books, government's reports, published research and internet. The findings show that A.V. Aids are used in all private schools in some form. However, there is no system to give formal training to teachers about the proper and effective use of A.V. Aids. The major A.V Aids used in schools are chalk board and white board, while about 60 % schools were found using pictures, maps, models charts and multimedia. The paper gives practicable suggestions to widen the use of A.V. Aids and enhance their effectiveness in education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education is a sustained march of human society towards high pedestals of civilization, and determines true destiny of a nation, striving amid hard pursuits for survival. Education is of different types depending upon the needs and demands, and resources available in a country. Owing to meager resources, and, the growing demands for education, especially in the developing countries; the governments alone are unable to fulfill the educational needs of the whole population adequately. Therefore, the private sector has entered in the education sector to help achieve the national targets set in a country. Although, private schools were nationalized in 1972 in Pakistan, the subsequent National Education Policies adopted in 1979, 1992-2002 and 1998-2010 have provisions to involving private sector in the educational development and delivery system in the country. This paper describes the temporal expansion of private public schools in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan and evaluates the same in Peshawar, the capital city as a case study, in terms of selected variables vis a vis the existing education policy. Data for the study was obtained from field survey using questionnaires, EMIS office of the Education Department, KP, research reports, books and internet. The study shows mushrooming growth of private public schools and greater increase in number of students in the province in general, and Peshawar in particular during 1998-2010. Despite progressive contribution in education, a high proportion of private schools were found without the essential infrastructure for students' entertainment and recreation. The policy imperatives provided to regulate activities and functioning of the private sector need urgent implementation to improve education quality and control the tendency of exploitation by the private education sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical quality of old removable complete dentures and to find out patient satisfaction. It was carried out from July 2011 to June 2012. It was case series descriptive study. Data relating to 72 patients wearing complete dentures were collected using structured eight categories, four point scale Proforma. Detailed patient history, clinical and prosthesis examination were undertaken. Data related to age, gender, fitting place and complete denture post-fitting duration were also recorded. Male to female patient's ratio was 2.2:1. Forty one (57%) complete dentures wearers had got their dentures made from public hospitals. Majority (42%) of evaluated complete dentures were not older than five years. Patients told us about good retention in 27 (37.5%) of maxillary and fair retention in 34 (47.2%) of mandibular complete dentures. Good mastication was reported by 40 patients (55.5%) and good esthetics by 34 (47.2%). Sixty three (87.5%) patients complained about pain in their maxillary dentures and 54(75%) in mandibular dentures. Good stability was reported by 31 (43%) of mandibular dentures and 37 (51.3%) of maxiliary dentures. Good occlusion was seen in 37 (51.3%), oral hygiene in 45 (62.5%) and prostheses hygiene in 39 (54.1%). It was concluded that retention and stability was good in maxillary dentures while fair in mandibular dentures. Majority of the patients showed poor oral and prosthesis hygiene. Pain was the most common complaint of these complete denture wear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to determine the level of awareness of patients regarding both the consequences of missing teeth and prosthodontic treatment options. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 225 partially dentate patients in dental out-patient department, Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar from January 2013 to February 2015 by using consecutive non-probability sampling. Females (60.9%) reported more than males (39.1%). Majority of the subjects (81.3%) were unaware of consequences of missing teeth. Similarly 82.2% of the participants were unaware of the treatment options for replace-ment of missing teeth and those who were aware of the treatment options, only 4.4% knew about the fixed restorations, 6.7% were aware of the removable prosthesis and 0.4% for implant. This study will highlight the role of dentist in educating patients about prosthodontic treatment options and consequences of missing teeth at the time of dental extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The organic matrix of the resin-based composite (RBC) restoration in the subject is susceptible to degradation by acids. Newer RBC have incorporated organically modified ceramics into their formulations. The objective of the study was to document the effect of lactic and acetic acids on the microhardness values of two ceramic based nanohybrid composites (CBNC) after different immersion periods. This experimental laboratory-based study was conducted on 60 specimens, 30 in each of the two CBNCs (Tetric N-Ceram and Ceram-X). The test specimens were made in a standard split mold having dimensions of10 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness. The specimen was cured and the baseline Vickers hardness number (VHN) was measured and the remaining microhardness assessment was done after the various immersion periods of 2 days, 7 days and 21 days. The data were analyzed in statistical program (SPSS version 25.0). Descriptive statistics along with repeated measures ANOVA was used for the comparison of microhardness. The level of p-value to be significant was set as 0.05. The change in microhardness of both Tetric N-ceram (p=0.671) and Ceram-X (p=0.530) after baseline, 2 days, 7 days and 21 days after immersion in various media were statistically insignificant. It can be concluded that there was no effect of acids on surface microhardness of both test materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]