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Copyright of Journal Architecture & Planning is the property of King Saud University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal Architecture & Planning is the property of King Saud University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study aims to identify the Economic and social changes in Saudi Arabia. and the development of technical and vocationaltraining in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. and some local and international experiences and trends on technical and vocational training. Andthen it will identify secondary school students trends towards technical and vocational training.Study Methodology: The researcher used the descriptive approach methods: Survey Method: In order to identify the development oftechnical education and vocational training in the Kingdom. and to explore the leading local and international experiences and trends. Theother method is Analytical Method: In order to analyze the most prominent local and international experiences and new trends. and toanalysis sample responses in order to come out with a vision that may help in the developmental action of the Technical Education andVocational Training

There is no doubt that colours play an important role in our life. And have their meaning individually. The aim of this research is to know the meaning of the colours for students in the secondary schools in Riyadh. Research questions were as follows: I-What is the meaning of the colours for students in the secondary schools in Riyadh? 2-What is the favorite colour for students in the secondary schools in Riyadh? Quantitative and qualitative research was used in this study. The important result were as follows: 1-Blue was the first favorite colour for students. 2-Black was the third favorite colour for students, which means death, badness and fright. The major recommendations were as follows: 1-Should not be concentrated on the artwork for the students only, but also on the meaning of the colours, which was using 2-Accepting student's thoughts, which related to the meaning of their colours.

E-learning is among the most recent types of education systems that has attracted the attention of the educators in the world. E-learning programs have appeared recently in couple of higher institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. To my knowledge, no study has been conducted to evaluate these programs. The objective of this study is to understand the students' perception in the e-learning programs at the Arab Open University in Riyadh , AOU, and the General Organization for Technical Education and Vocational Training , GOTEVOT, as one of the e-learning programs in Saudi Arabia. The goals of this study were to know at what extent the students interact with the e-learning system, at what extent the e-learning can be applied in the students' perception, at what degree the students can gain a self-learnt-ig, and at what level they cart be independent from their instructors during the e-learning, and what are the obstacles to the successfulness of the c-learning in their perceptions. The study results have shown that, the students' interaction has suffered from the ambiguity of the e-learning system to many of them. Also, the applicability of the e-learning depends on many factors such as the students' knowledge of computers and technology, and the age of the students. The results, also, has shown that, a large fraction of the study sample need the instructor to understand the materials as well as to follow the course plan, which indicates the weakness of the students' self-learning. Finally, the study has shown that, most of the students consider the high cost of the Internet connection and the unavailability of the instructor when needed among the obstacles of the successfulness of the c-learning.

Previous studies have shown that reading abilities in hearing impaired individuals are less efficient than those found in hearing individuals. Baddeley and Hitch [1, p.p. 47-98] have explained the difference in reading abilities between the two groups as due to the lower capacity of the working memory of the hearing impaired individuals compared to that of hearing individuals. Baddeley and Hitch suggested that the phonological loop, an integral part of the working memory, plays an important role in learning basic skills that are thought to be essential for learning to read, skills such as non-word repetition, new word learning skill, and vocabulary knowledge. In support of the previous suggestion, some researchers have found high correlations between different measures of working memory and reading skills. Since the efficiency of the phonological loop depends on hearing integrity, some researchers have proposed that the phonological loop is less active in hearing impaired individuals; and this might be the cause of their reading deficiency. To test this hypothesis, this study examined working memory in groups of hearing and hearing impaired students from the sixth elementary and third intermediate school level, using a number of visual working memory stimuli. The aim of the study was to find out whether or not hearing impaired students use the same memory strategies as hearing students, and also to find out if the phonological loop plays an active role in learning to read for hearing impaired individuals as it does in hearing ones. The results of the study have shown a high correlation between reading and memory tests scores for all subjects. There was no significant difference in working memory scores between hearing impaired and hearing students, which indicates that both groups use similar memory strategies.

The study aimed to identify difficulties faced by female students in Arts and Education Colleges at King Saud University in Riyadh. Further, the study aimed to identify the effect of these difficulties on students' satisfaction with their education. Two instruments were used: a list of difficulties expected to face newcomers and, satisfaction of college education scale. The sample was randomly selected and consisted of 1000 new female students .The sample represents 30 % of all new female students , in these colleges for the first semester of 1998. The results showed that some administrative and academic difficulties were among the most common ones faced by the students . It also showed significant correlation between these difficulties and students· results on the satisfaction scale which only reach 55.2%. This indicates that difficulties, especially at the academic level, significantly affect the level of satisfaction students experienced in their university life

Only few years ago the Ministry of Education started to provide intermediate and secondary schools with computer hardware and software. In addition to this, it started a new program by establishing two courses for secondary schools, The Ministry of Education connected all the school districts in all the regions with its main frame in the Ministry of Education in Riyadh, so all mail and official paperwork came through the computer network. This research paper is an attempt to investigate the present status of computers in secondary schools in Saudi Arabia This paper intends to investigate the role of the computer as a course work. tool, subject matter medium, computer assisted instruction, and computer managed instruction All new intermediate schools are now provided with computers either for management purposes or as a terminals for teachers and students The study participants were the directors and teachers of secondary schools who were engaged in the educational diploma program in the Diploma Unit in the Collage of Education, King Saud University, Riyadh. The general findings are as follows: 1 - The average number of computers in each school is seventeen sets. 2- Most of the schools which are represented by the participants are rented and this means these school buildings are not suitable for computer use 3- Most of these schools are equipped with one computer lab. but this is not enough for each school. 4- some of the computer sets are obsolete and need to be replaced with new ones. 5- Many computer sets in schools lack programs and discs. 6- Most teachers believe that the presence of computers in their schools help in teaching and administration of all schools affairs . 7- The students in general are very interested in computers in their schools, and the computers sets are compatible with the courses offered to the students . 8- Most teachers need to attend training programs. 9- Many teachers believe that the use of computers in schools has gone a long way towards minimizing computer illiteracy and phobia.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which social education teachers in institutions of mental retardation in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, use assessment procedures in the area of social skill training for mentally retarded students. It also aims to determine the importance of using these procedures in the same area from the perspective of female and male teachers who have been chosen according to certain conditions, and who number 117 persons. The study questions were formed in light of the study's two objectives, and the results showed that the trends of teachers towards using assessment procedures in the area of social skills training for mentally retarded students do not rise to the level of importance necessary for applying assessment procedures in this area. That is why the sample's answers came within the estimation of , sometimes, . Even if there are differences in the level of usage which lean towards the female teacher and those of lengthy experiences the extent of usage stays within its lowest limitations. The study results also show that teachers felt the importance and necessity of using assessment procedures in the area of social skills training for mentally retarded students, although there are some differences in this sense which favor female teachers and those of lengthy experience, but still this does not decrease this importance in its general picture. Rather, it increases its importance and the extent of the need to use it for confronting behavior problems which result from the lack of training process association in the area of social skills training with assessment procedures.

This study was designed to explore the nature of school counseling practices. It also aimed at revealing the relationship between those practices and the academic specialty, educational stage and professional experience of the school counselors. The sample of two hundred and fourteen counselors represents some schools in the city of Riyadh. A 32 item questionnaire was employed and descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data collected. Significant statistical differences were found between counselors majoring in psychology and social work and those counselors with other majors. Some recommendations were suggested regarding the improvement of school counseling work.

The purpose of this study was to explore the views of elementary school teachers, principals and supervisors in Riyadh toward the role of elementary school teachers in motivating student learning. A questionnaire was designed in which a research sample of 312 teachers, principals and supervisors was randomly selected. The major findings were as follows: 1- There was a lack of certain techniques on the part of the teachers that can be used to motivate student learning. These techniques include the skills to construct classroom tests that challenge student ability; technical knowhow of teaching students to write reports; and the ability to develop extra - activities plan for talented students. 2- The sample groups shared the views concerning the role of the teachers in motivating student learning regardless of major, quality and years of experience. However, teachers and principals perceived their role in motivating student learning more favorably than did the supervisors. Recommendations included suggestion for improving teachers' performance in motivating student

The purpose of the present study was to investigate heart rate (HR) and distance covered, as indicators of work intensity. during intermediate (Junior High) physical education classes (PE). The sample (N = 75) was selected randomly from the city of Riyadh. The mean (±SD) for age, weight, height, and body fat were as follows: 14.4 ± 1.7 yr., 50.6 ± 14.9 kg, 159. I± 9.9 cm, 17.9 ± 8.9 %, respectively. The results indicated that the actual time of a physical education class was on the average 32 min. out of a 45 min. period. During PE. the mean HR was 147.9 ± 13.9 beats per minute (bpm), the percentages of time the students spent with HR < 120 bpm and HR > 159 bpm were 17.9 ± 12.9 % (5.7 min.) and 39.4 ± 19.4 % (12.6 min.), respectively. The average distance covered during the PE was 1808.7 ± 1204 m. Variability between subjects in the HR and the distance covered was found to be very high. The distance covered during PE correlated significantly with the average HR (r = .25; p < .05) and with the percentage of time the students spent with HR> 159 bpm (r = .34; p < .01). However, no significant correlations were found between body fat percentage and any of the above mentioned variables. It was concluded that the average time that the intermediate-school students spent in physical activity at HR > 159 bpm was not enough to improve cardiorespiratory fitness. This was especially true when considering the fact that there is only one physical activity period per week offered to these students.

The study aims to identify the differences in teacher performance in both government and private primary girls schools. Forty - seven educational competencies were tested and classified under six axes as follows: preparing and presenting school subjects, human relations, encouraging students for classroom participation, classroom management evaluation, and teacher's academic and professional growth. 303 government primary teachers and 167 private school teachers, who were randomly selected, were included in the study. The sample represents 4.4% of all female teachers at the primary level in Riyadh. Except for human relations and classroom management, results indicate that no sufficient statistical differences were found either as a whole or according to -axis. However, no differences were observed in performance in any of the forty - seven educational competencies which were examined in the study between teachers in government or private schools.

This study aims to define the practice of dispositions in teaching and learning history in high schools in the Riyadh region and enumerating the relationship between practice dispositions of the teachers and learners of the history subject from the supervisor's point of view. The sample of this study included twenty - six supervisors specialized in the subject of history who were selected from thirty two supervisors of social studies in the Riyadh area. The researcher has prepared a questionnaire of forty - seven indicators to measure the availability of teacher's and learner's dispositions. The results of this study showed the absence of dispositions in teaching and learning history in high schools of the Riyadh region. Applying the x2 test resulted in insignificant differences between teachers in practice dispositions in teaching history. The results showed similar differences between learners in practice dispositions in learning history. Canonical correlations indicated no relationship between teachers in practice dispositions in reaching history and learners in practice dispositions in learning history. It was recommended to offer training courses for teaching thinking and its skills for high school teachers. Similar courses should be given for principals and supervisors to change their attitudes towards the value of promoting thinking in developing the society. Further studies are needed for improving and applying both dispositions and promoting thinking.

This study aims to investigate burnout in professionals working in human and social services (teachers, nurses, medical doctors, psychologists, as well as administrators in these professions) and its relation to some variables. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was translated into the Arabic language and was administered to 329 Ss. The study revealed significant differences between professionals working in these professions in terms of their frequent feeling of burnout. Burnout was significantly more prevalent among teachers and nurses as compared to other professions. Feeling of burnout varied with age and duration of employment. Married participants reported higher levels of burnout as compared with non-married. No significant gender differences were observed.

The aim of the study was to find out the factors affecting student drop-out at the Teachers College in Riyadh. To achieve this aim, a questionnaire was developed. Forty-three items were included to cover factors expected to influence student drop-out. Proper ways of calculating the validity and reliability of the questionnaire were used. The questionnaire was then administered to a representative sample of full-time and part-time students taken from those drop-outs, (N = 189). The statistical analysis of the data has shown the following results. Factors that seemed to have affected student drop-out were educational, social, psychological, economical, and environmental. Also significant relationships and differences were noticed between some demographic variables and factors influencing drop-outs. In the light of these findings, the researchers made some recommendations and suggestions.

The purpose of this study is to investigate job satisfaction for social studies teachers in the intermediate schools in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was also aimed to find out to what extent do social studies teachers at the intermediate schools differ in their job satisfaction. An instrument was developed for this study. The reliability and validity of the instrument were done. A questionnaire was designed to measure teachers’ job satisfaction. Needless to state that many items in the questionnaire were previously used in a different study . The population of this study consists of all 400 social studies teachers working in 137 intermediate schools in the city of Riyadh. Saudi Arabia. A sample of 38 schools (28% of Riyadh's intermediate schools) was randomly selected. All 114 social studies teachers working in these schools participated in this study. Of the questionnaires delivered to the schools, 105 were returned (92%) and statistically analyzed. Results of the study show that 74% of social studies teachers were satisfied in their job. The results also show no correlation between job satisfaction and the following independent variables: age, experience, training, and area of specialty. Meanwhile, statistical analysis shows some correlation between degree and job satisfaction. Correlation was also found between job satisfaction and school of graduation for Al-Imam Mohamed Bin Saud University.

The questionaire dealt with the following competencies: lesson preparation, lesson execution, reaching knowledge and professional growth, human relations and discipline, and evaluation. The major findings of this study were: 1- There was an agreement between student teachers and faculty members that the educational competencies were most importance for secondary school teachers. 2- There were significant differences between student teachers and faculty members with regard to the relative importance of the following competencies: lesson preparation, lesson execution, teaching knowledge and professional growth, and evaluation, in favor of faculty members. 3- There were no significant differences between professors and lecturers with regard to the relative importance of the five major competencies. 4- There were no significant differences between professors and lecturers with regard to the practice degree of the five major competencies. 5- There were significant differences between student teachers and faculty members with regard to the practice degree of the five major competencies in favor of student teachers. 6- There was agreement among faculty members , professors and lecturers, that the students' practice degree of the five major competencies was at a low level.

The purpose of the study is to identify ways and types of communication used by special education teachers with families of exceptional children. To achieve this goal, a list of communication types was developed and distributed to special education teachers in the city of Riyadh. Results of the study indicated that most of the effective communication types are not used by special education teachers. In addition, differences in responses according to the variables of the study were also documented.

The aim of the study is to identify the popular educational leadership styles used by elementary school principals in Riyadh. It also aims to identify the loyalty of teachers to their jobs and their relationship to qualification and experience. Two questionnaires were given to 177 Saudi teachers teaching in elementary schools in Riyadh. The following results were obtained: The democratic leadership style is the most popular style used by principals. There is no significant difference in the pattern of educational leadership due to qualification of principals while there is significant difference due to experience, There are no significant differences in the degree of teachers loyalty due to qualification and experience. There is a significant correlation between the types of educational leadership and the degree of teachers loyalty.

The study aims at investigating the differences in attitudes towards mathematics between boys and girls at the ninth grade level. the relationship between attitudes towards mathematics of ninth grade students and the qualification and experience of their teachers, and the effect of interaction between the qualification and experience of the teachers on attitudes towards mathematics.This study aims at answering the following questions: 1. Are there significant differences in attitude towards mathematics between boys and girls at the ninth grade level? 2. Are there differences in attitude towards mathematics of ninth grade students caused by the differences in qualification among their teachers? (educationists - non educationists) 3. Are there differences in attitudes towards mathematics of ninth grade students caused by the differences of experience among their teachers? 4. Is there an interaction between qualification and experience of mathematics teachers? Does this interaction influence the attitude of students towards mathematics? The samples consisted of 477 boys and girls of the ninth grade students in Riyadh area school district.