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Introduction and purpose: Ulcerative colitis (UC, colitis ulcerosa) belongs to a group of inflammatory bowel diseases of unexplained etiology. It is a diffuse nonspecific inflammation of the mucosa of the rectum or rectum and colon, leading to ulceration in more severe cases. Despite a decline in the incidence of ulcerative colitis in developed countries, the prevalence continues to rise due to increasingly predominant benign course of the disease with a low mortality rate. The purpose of this review is to summarize latest directions and discoveries in research of ulcerative colitis. Materials and methods: This review is based on articles published in Pubmed between 2017 and 2022 by searching keywords ulcerative colitis treatment, ulcerative colitis guidelines. State of knowledge: Currently, many independent scientific societies represent a consensus position on the standard management of patients with UC, while recent therapeutic options are constantly emerging due to intensive research. These options require the involvement of multiple medical centers to determine their position in future guidelines. Conclusion: Although ulcerative colitis is a disease that is diagnosed and detected relatively easily, due to its chronic nature, relatively high prevalence in the population and lack of causal treatment options, it is an important direction for further research.

Introduction: Pregnancy is an important period in a woman's life. One of the most essential things people can do to improve their health both physical and mental is taking regular physical exercise. Healthy people, people with chronic illnesses or disabilities as well as pregnant women benefit from regular physical activity. All pregnant women should be physically active, except in certain situations when there are medical contraindications. Objective of the study: The purpose of this study is to summarize the benefits of regular physical activity during pregnancy. Materials and methods: A review of the literature available on the PubMed database was carried out, the key words used were: ,,pregnancy,,, ,,physical activity,,, ,,gestational diabetes,,, ,,hypertension,,, ,,pre-eclampsia,,. Results: Physical activity increases the chance of a normal pregnancy and a successful outcome. In the absence of obstetric or medical contraindications, physical activity during pregnancy is desirable and advisable. Exercise results in fewer complications for both the pregnant woman and the newborn. Conclusions: The best results from physical activity in pregnancy are obtained when the pregnant woman exercises regularly, for example, 3 times a week for 30-60 minutes. It is advisable that for it to be regular aerobic training of moderate intensity of at least 150 minutes per week.

Introduction: Osteoarthritis is the most common disease of the musculoskeletal system. It develops in the regulation of the quality and quantity of articular cartilage, which cushions the joint and improves the sliding of the articular surfaces. Chondroitin sulfate being a natural glycosaminoglycan is found in the cartilage and extracellular matrix. The European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommends the use of chondroitin sulfate in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Objective: The purpose of our study was to present, based on the available literature, the latest reports on the effect of chondroitin sulfate in knee osteoarthritis Methods and materials: The present study was based on available data collected in the PubMed database and published between 2001 and 2022. The study was conducted by reviewing keywords such as: ,,knee osteoarthritis”, ,,chondroitin sulfate”, ,,treatment” ,,diagnosis” State of knowledge: Joint cartilage is mainly composed of type II collagen, proteoglycans, chondrocytes and water. In healthy articular cartilage, the balance between the individual components is constantly maintained, thanks to which cartilage degradation is accompanied by its synthesis. The reviewed scientific papers evaluated the effect of chondroitin sulfate on pain in osteoarthritis. Summary: We found a large inconsistency between experimental protocols and study results. Therefore, comparing publications evaluating the actual effect of chondroitin sulfate on joint synovial tissues and biochemical markers is challenging. Additional studies are needed focusing on long-term treatment as well as evaluating their potential disease modifying effects.

The effect of excessive homocysteine concentration in human blood, on the cells and tissues of the body is very complex. The effect associated with the induction of oxidative stress and disruption of the biochemical balance of the intracellular space has a negative impact on the physiology of cells and the regularity of their functioning by changing their metabolism. This may result in the formation and development of atherosclerotic lesions, disorders in the coagulation system leading to thrombosis and, consequently, embolism, pathological changes in the central nervous system, which may translate into the formation of mental disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, depression and dementia. In addition, hyperhomocysteinemia affects the possible pathologies and complications of pregnancy associated with them, as well as the implications for fetal development if its aforementioned condition. The work presented here outlines the mechanisms that determine the formation of the aforementioned disease entities as a result of too much homocysteine and the clinical significance of these relationships. With the development of science and the increasing number of publications related to the impact of hyperhomocysteinemia on diverse disease entities, there are voices suggesting the inclusion of studies on homocysteine concentrations in body fluids in screening as risk factors for the development of these diseases or using them for their control and treatment.

Introduction: Allergic rhinitis is an inflammation of the nasal mucosa characterized by nasal discharge or down the back of the throat, sneezing, stuffy or itchy nose. Allergic rhinitis can be caused by various allergens - pollen, house dust mites, animal allergens, fungi. It can occur periodically or chronically, as a year-round allergic rhinitis. Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common condition, epidemiological studies suggest that it affects 20–30% of adults and up to 40% of children. Objective: The purpose of this review is to analyze the latest information on the characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of patients with allergic rhinitis. Material and metods: This review was based on available data collected in the PubMed data base. The research was done by looking through key words such as: “allergic rhinitis”, “Local nasal allergy”, “diagnosis” and “treatment”. State of knowledge: The main challenges with allergic rhinitis relate to its treatment. Symptomatic and anti-inflammatory drugs are often used and are not fully effective. The diagnosis of allergic rhinitis can be diagnosed by history and physical examination, with testing reserved for treatment of nonresponders. Summary: Treatment should be comprehensive and take into account the environment, pharmacotherapy, allergen immunotherapy, if indicated. As a disease that affects many people and significantly reduces the quality of life, allergic rhinitis deserves a thorough understanding of its symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.

Introduction: Psoriasis is a common, chronic, systemic inflammatory disease with an immunological basis. It occurs in about 2% of people in Europe and North America. It is associated with an increased probability of obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease and inflammatory bowel disease. Objective: The purpose of this review is to analyze the latest information on the characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of patients with psoriasis. Materials and methods: The present study was based on available data collected in the PubMed database and published between 2001 and 2022. The study was conducted by reviewing keywords such as: "psoriasis," "diagnosis," "treatment," "genetics," "immunology," "angiogenesis," "keratinocytes," and "incidence." State of the knowledge: In the last decade, biologic drugs targeting tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 23, interleukin 17 and interleukin 12 have been developed and approved for the treatment of psoriasis. These drugs have revolutionized the treatment and management of psoriasis. Summary: Over the past decade, there have been tremendous advances in knowledge about the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Discoveries on this background, have given rise to new biological therapies. Currently in clinical trials are substances such as, Janus kinase inhibitors and tyrosine kinase 2 inhibitors, which represent hope for the most affected patients. Unfortunately, our knowledge of the causes of psoriasis is still incomplete. This poses a challenge for further research and thus the creation of more therapeutic substances.

Admission: Care for disabled child may present many difficulties and cause stressful situations that generate negative emotions. One of them is fear. Objective of the work: Assessment of the level of anxiety state and trait in people taking care of a disabled child. Materials and methods: The study was conducted among 100 employees center for disabled children and Wierzbice in Katy Wroclawskie. The research tool was the Inventory and the State Trait Anxiety (Iscle). Results: The level of anxiety carers of people with disabilities depends on the age of the subjects (p = 0.025), professional experience (p = 0.047), operating system (0.002) and the degree of disability of children (p = 0.004). While the intensity of the drug is not affected by gender, education and occupation. Discussion:Both the age and experience of the work associated with sophistication and getting used to disability beneficiaries. The impact may also have a stable position in the life of the elderly. The importance of the degree of disability is unmistakable, taking into account both the physical stress and emotional caregivers.

Admission. Burn damage to the skin, mucosa, as well as tissues located deeper by the heat supplied from the outside. Thermal trauma is one of the most common reasons for reporting a child under 6 years of age to Hospital Emergency Departments. To assess the severity of burns take into account the degree and extent. Assessing the extent of burns most often used method: the hand, the rule of "nines" Wallace, the card Lund and Browder. In the struggle with burns importance of prompt and effective first aid. During hospitalization should be implemented proceeding analgesics, nutritional therapy and rehabilitation. In the pediatric patient care, it is important to include caregivers in treatment. Objective of the workThe aim of the study was to present the process of nurturing a child with burns using ICNP® terminology. Material and methods.The studies used case study and interview technique, observation, analysis of medical records. The study included 15 patients hospitalized month because of thermal burns. Conclusions:In the treatment of burns fast it plays a key role for first aid. Rehabilitation should be implemented as quickly as possible in order to avoid restriction of mobility, fast upright, prevention of contractures, and prevention against formation of hypertrophic scars. The family of the child plays an important role in the treatment process. Takes care of the patient during hospitalization, he cares for the patient actively participates in diagnostic tests, as well as a valuable source of information about the child's psychophysical response to painful stimuli. The tasks of a nurse who has the overall care of the child oparzonym should also educate the patient's family and place it on the self-care of a child scalded.