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Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) counteracts supraspinal opioid effects and plays a role in antinociceptive morphine tolerance. Therefore, in the present study, the selective mu-opioid agonist [D-Ala(2)-NMe-Phe(4)-Gly-ol(5)]-enkephalin (DAMGO) was used. Repeated injection of DAMGO (1 microg/ 1 microl) into the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG), a key site for the development of opioid tolerance, induced analgesia that lasted up to 3 days. In DAMGO-tolerant rats, injection of the N/OFQ antagonist (+/-)-J 113397 (4 microg/1 microl), into the same site, restored the antinociceptive effect of DAMGO. If (+/-)-J 113397 treatment preceded each DAMGO injection, tolerance did not develop. Inhibition of N/OFQ signaling can reverse and prevent the development of DAMGO tolerance in the vlPAG. The results confirm that N/OFQ acts as a functional opioid antagonist., (2010 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

The effects of intraperitoneal and intracerebroventricular administration of the inhibitor of endopeptidase EC 24.11 (enkephalinase), thiorphan, and the synthetic enkephalin analogue [D-Ala2-Met5]enkephalinamide (DALA) were investigated in cold-restraint-stressed rats. Drugs were administered alone or after pretreatment with naloxone or naloxone methiodide given 20 min prior to the drugs. Thiorphan and DALA, administered centrally (4 micrograms i.c.v./rat) or peripherally (400 micrograms/kg), induced a significant gastric protection. Prior treatment with naloxone s.c. (1 mg/kg) inhibited the effect induced by i.c.v. or i.p. injections of thiorphan or DALA. In contrast, s.c. administration of naloxone methiodide (1 mg/kg) did not affect the response induced by central administration of thiorphan or DALA, but was able to prevent that of thiorphan or DALA when they were administered i.p. These data strongly support the hypothesis of a central and peripheral involvement of endogenous opioid peptides in gastric protection in stressed rats.