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Mitchell, J. (1994). Sex kills. On Turbulent Indigo [CD]. Los Angeles, CA: Reprise Records/Crazy Crow Music. Morgan, D. (2003, August 10). A debate over U.S. 'empire' builds in unexpected circles [Electronic version]. Washington Post, p. A3. Retrieved October 20, 2003, from http://www.truthout.org/docs_03/081203G.shtml Murphy, B. (2003, April 5). Neoconservative clout seen in U.S. Iraq policy. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved October 20, 2003, from http://www.jsonline.com/news /gen/apr03/131523.asp Pennycook, A. (1994). The cultural politics of English as an international language. London: Longman. Pennycook, A. (Ed.). (1999). Critical approaches to TESOL [Special-topic issue]. TESOL Quarterly, 33(3). Pennycook, A. (2001). Critical applied linguistics: A critical introduction. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

" nfluence" of one composer or work on another is a potentially dangerous concept. All too often our striving for such a connection encourages false assumptions to be drawn regarding not only the interrelationship between specific persons or pieces, but even of whole repertoires. This article draws attention to one such repertoire Mozart's earliest set of six piano sonatas, K. 279-84 in which a tradition of supposed influence (from the piano sonatas of Joseph Haydn) has been accepted in the Mozart literature without question despite the flimsiest of supporting evidence. In this case, the origin of what I hope to demonstrate is a false assumption lies in over-reliance on the interpretation of stylistic similarity. In order to highlight this at the outset, I will begin with a piece of deliberate "misinterpretation". Example 1 shows the beginning of the development sections of two piano sonatas, Haydn's Hob. XVI:21 (1773) and Mozart's K. 279 (1774-5), both in C major. Both composers commence their developments with a tonal shift from the dominant region (G) to a fermata on a chord of E (Haydn, bar 67 ; Mozart, bar 76), after which they each introduce a "false reprise" of the first subject. At first sight, this seems quite a plausible illustration of "model" (Haydn) and "imitation" (Mozart). Among the critical vocabulary for defining the quality of influence, that is, the degree of relatedness between two works, one technique that has recently found favour with musicologists is that termed the 'Revisionary Ratio', a concept originally introduced some twenty years ago in the study of poetry by the distinguised literary theorist, Harold Bloom. Might Mozart have reacted in K. 279 to Haydn's finale according to one of Bloom's 'revisionary ratios', specifically the first ratio, 'clinamen' ?2 According to this theory, Mozart would have been so seized by

This paper examines the origins of Canada's labour policy during the first years of this century. It explains why the Canadian government rejected arbitration as the chief means of settling labour disputes, adopting conciliation instead. This choice lies at the foundation of Canadian labour law: governments since that time have sought to dampen industrial conflict by pushing the parties to compromise they have generally balked at imposing specific terms of employment The argument proceeds in three stages. It first reviews the formation of Canadian labour policy during the years 1900 to 1907. It then identifies the specific reasons for the government's rejection of arbitration. Finally, it suggests structural characteristics of the Canadian political economy which favoured the choice of conciliation over arbitration. Resume Cette etude retrace les origines de la legislation du travail au Canada au cours des premieres annees de ce siecle. Elle explique pourquoi, en rejetant l'arbitrage comme procedure pour resoudre les conflits de travail, le gouvernement federal a d'abord axe cette legislation sur la conciliation. Conformement a ce choix initial, les gouvernements subsequents ont cherche depuis a amortir le choc des disputes industrielles en poussant les parties d'un litige a compromettre; ils ont generalement evite d'imposer des conditions specifiques de reprise de travail. Notre raisonnement s'enchaine en trois etapes. La premiere reconstitue le developpement de la legislation du travail de 1990 a 1907. Ce resume est suivi d'une analyse des raisons particulieres ayant incite le gouvernement a rejeter l'arbitrage. Il convient, pour finir, de souligner quelles caracteristiques structurelles propres a l'economie politique canadienne ont favorise le choix de la conciliation a celui de l'arbitrage.

1. Restating an error does not make it correct. It was Sir James Frazer who developed, defined, and first used the term Sympathetic Magic, and the other terms he subsumed under that rubric. The Law of Contact or Contagious Magic, regardless of technique or techniques, requires contact by definition; "like produces like" refers to what Frazer called The Law of Similarity or Homeopathic Magic. If Swan is to use the terms, she must either use them as did Frazer or define her idiosyncratic usage.

Although modem macro-economic analysis has almost immortalized Keynes's IS-LM framework, it has largely ignored the central message of the General Theory. This is attributable, at least in part, to Keynes's failure to provide a clear concept of market organization as an alternative to the Walrasian auction paradigm. Recent developments, however, in the theory of search and transaction-externalities may ultimately provide that missing concept. Also, work on indeterminacy in rational-expectations models may direct the profession's attention away from wage-stickiness and back towards the intertemporal co-ordination problems that Keynes saw as lying at the root of unemployment. La reprise keynesienne. Meme si l'analyse macroeconomique moderne a presque immortalis6 le cadre d'analyse IS-LM de Keynes, elle a en gros ignore le message central contenu dans sa Theorie generale. Cela est attribuable au moins en partie au fait que Keynes n'a pas propose une notion claire d'organisation du marche qui puisse remplacer le paradigme de l'encan A la Walras. Cependant, certains developpements recents dans la theorie des cofuts de la recherche d'un emploi, des cofuts de transaction et des effets extemes que ce phenomene entraine, pourraient fournir un des ces jours le chainon manquant. I1 se pourrait aussi que les travaux sur l'indetermination dans les modeles d'anticipations rationnelles puissent aider a faire que l'attention des membres de la profession economiste cesse d'etre braquee sur les problemes de rigidit6 des salaires pour se fixer de nouveau sur les problemes de coordination intertemporelle qui etaient pour Keynes au coeur du probleme du chomage. It is an honour to be giving the Harold Innis Memorial lecture for 1986. I'm especially happy to be giving it in 1986 because this is the fiftieth anniversary of Keynes's General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, and I'd like to take this occasion to speak on the subject of the influence Keynes's central The 1986 Harold Innis Memorial Lecture, presented at the Canadian Economics Association Meetings in Winnipeg, 29 May 1986. Robert Clower, David Laidler, Michael Parkin and Douglas Purvis provided useful comments on the original lecture. Canadian Journal of Economics Revue canadienne d'Economique, xix, No. 4 November novembre 1986. Printed in Canada Imprime au Canada 0008-4085 / 86 / 626-641 $1.50 ? Canadian Economics Association This content downloaded from 157.55.39.244 on Fri, 17 Jun 2016 05:48:33 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms The Keynesian recovery 627 message in the General Theory has had on contemporary macro-economics, and the influence it is likely to have in coming years. If I had been asked to address this subject five or ten years ago I would have made the lecture very short. Although the Keynesian IS-LM apparatus was still the main organizing device of all intermediate macro textbooks, and of most policy-oriented economists, Keynesian theoretical ideas had virtually disappeared from the leading journals, having been displaced by unKeynesian ideas such as perfect wage-flexibility, perfect foresight, the absence of involuntary unemployment, the Pareto-optimality of business-cycle fluctuations, and so forth. Keynesian policy advice had become downright disreputable in some academic circles and was clearly on the defensive everywhere. As for the status of Keynesian ideas in society at large, Keynes once expressed the wish that some day 'economists could get themselves thought of as humble, competent people, on a level with dentists' (1930, 332). By 1979 Keynesian economists had become thought of the way I used to think of my dentist when I was ten years old, with a mouth full of cavities, and he could see no reason for using novocaine not humble or, competent, but a menace to society who was all the more dangerous because of his belief that he knew better than others what was good for them and because he now had his hands on some of the crucial policy instruments. Since 1979 the public status of Keynesian ideas has fallen even further. The madmen in authority are now distilling their frenzy from other defunct economists. But I see signs of some recovery in the status of those ideas within the discipline of economics, signs that at least they aren't yet completely dead. What I'd like to argue is that there is an important aspect of Keynes's central message that was never incorporated into the mainstream of macro-economic theory, that the failure to incorporate this aspect is largely responsible for the decline of Keynesian theoretical ideas, but that some recent theoretical developments offer hope that that failure may finally be rectified.

James Meade's 1937 two-sector formalization of Keynes's General Theory is reconsidered in some detail. This paper developes a geometric scheme that facilitates the use of comparative statics in working with the Meade model to demonstrate the richness of its possibilities. The paper also argues that the Meade model might have provided a superior starting point for the development of algebraic interpretations of Keynes's system when compared with John R. Hicks's IS-LL framework, particularly since the Meade model affords a direct bridge toward James Tobin's monetary transmission mechanism. Copyright 1987 by Ohio State University Press.

In the ten years since that article appeared, a great deal of research has been done, and colleges and universities have accumulated much experience with student ratings. In addition, Committee C, of which I was a member, prepared a "Statement on Teaching Evaluation" adopted by the AAUP Council and approved at the Annual Meeting in June, 1975. The Project to Improve College Teaching, jointly sponsored by AAUP and the Association of American Colleges, also published, in 1971, The Recognition and Evaluation of Teachingby Kenneth E. Eble. The purpose of this article is to bring the reader up to date on the evidence with respect to the issues discussed earlier, as well as covering additional issues that have come to the fore more recently.

This image is one of a visionary intent on throwing off the white oppressor, who is at the same time a loving son and brother. What makes Jackson's ideas so easy to take in at an emotional level is that they are expressed within a domestic context. He was jailed several times prior to the oneyear-to-life sentence that had kept him behind bars from 1960 to the time of his death ten years later. Indeterminate sentencing allows authorities to keep a prisoner in jail until they deem it unlikely that he will repeat his offense. Jackson's idea, which many of us on the left shared, is that a corrupt system has no right to try or jail people, that not only he but all blackmen are political prisoners. Now I try to hold two truths in my head at the same time: the system condemns the poor, and especially black youth, to a life of servitude in or out of jail, but it is equally unjust that I and the gas station attendant Jackson robbed at gunpoint in 1960 should bear the brunt of that inequity. Seeing the movie Brothers, released by Warner Brothers in the mid-70s, brought home to me the difficulty of the task. The movie stars Bernie Casey as a beautifully muscular George Jackson surrounded by equally good looking black prisoners (who were actors) and scruffy white men who were actual prisoners. They were all in for rape, armed robbery, and murder, but the blacks were just the nicest guys you could possibly meet. I walked home late at night after the movie, my heart pounding when I heard steps behind

In surveying a period of music history such as the Classic Era, which for the past several years has witnessed an explosion of knowledge, a dramatic increase of available source materials, and a drastic rethinking of long-held assumptions, it is admittedly difficult to make categorical statements of any kind.' Present conditions notwithstanding, writers can still maintain correctly, on the whole, that in most of the independent movements encountered in the instrumental works of Haydn, Mozart, and other composers of the late eighteenth century, the tempo and meter indicated at the beginning of the movement are to be retained throughout.2 In fact, only in the slow-introduction-Allegro complex, the variation, and the rondo do changes of meter and tempo appear to occur with any frequency. To confine the investigation to the works of Mozart, of an approximate total of 141 finales in rondo form, twenty-three contain alterations of meter and/or tempo for some relatively substantial segment of the structure, e.g., an entire reprise or couplet.3 Looking at these twenty-three rondos, which span the period 1764 to 1787 (with nineteen concentrated between 1772 and 1785), I suggest six somewhat overlapping classifications into which individual

quently reveal a twinning process, a tendency for one character to become fused in manner of being with another. Monroe Z. Hafter, in a recent essay on Gald6s, studies the ironic reprise seen in the pairing of characters "who complement one another, who react to and take on aspects of one another" and who disclose "more about themselves and the surrounding reality than they themselves understand."' The first hint we have of Gald6s' technique of showing the dynamic interplay between two personalities appears in an essay dated 1871 in which the novelist has occasion to remark that women tend to mirror their husbands' characters: "Son el marido mismo, imperfectamente reproducido; son un facsimil incorrecto" (VI, 1650).2 Novelists outside of Spain have focused attention on pairs, whether married couples or closely associated companions or even authentic twins.3 The solitary, isolated figure is the exception in Gald6s' novels; his characters usually come before us in paired combinations in relationships which evolve from an initial phase of collision and disharmony towards a gradual process of gemination.

F ROM THE TIME of the appearance of Benito Pe after asserting that Orozco is a superior being, he goes on to affirm that there are factors which attenuate the protagonist's goodness: "Pero Orozco es tambien tipo grande y a pesar de la aparente sencillez de su bondad de una pieza, es complicado. iY que complicaci6n la suya!"'2 L. B. Walton, on the other hand, is oblivious to any subtleties in Orozco's characterization; he hastily dismisses Orozco as a "Maxi taken seriously."' Joaquin Casalduero hints at a negative aspect of Orozco's morality when he declares that "Orozco se rige por la propia conciencia, suya severidad y exigencia no conoce paliativos."'4 Gald6s' biographer, H. Chonon Berkowitz, without elaborating, but certainly referring to Orozco's benign reaction to his wife's infidelity, speaks of "flashes of new morality in Realidad."' Sherman Eoff states specifically that Orozco's "ideal of saintly living becomes a hard egotistical pride, which results from his self-imposed task of generating spirituality."' In an article dealing with "ironic reprise" in Gald6s' novels, Monroe Z. Hafter makes this succinct comment on Orozco's goodness: "The ironic reprise in La incdgnita, and Realidad shows that the will to do good appears in all men incompletely, fused with all the other motives of human personality to emerge with disparate and sometimes contradictory guises."7 More recently, Gerald Gillespie views Orozco as primarily a seeker of the essence of ultimate reality, though he does comment on Orozco's "increasing alienation from the world,"8 a scarcely tacit acknowledgment that the "saint's" virtue does not remain unalloyed.