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This volume presents a collection of thirty essays on the character, administration, and management of research universities, with special emphasis on the perspective of statistics and operations research. It concentrates on issues of systematic planning, planning models, teaching approaches, and management associated with the aims and methods of operations research, although it also deals with more general concerns about the management of universities and university resources. A final section looks at some of the applications of operations-research and statistical tools that have moved outside university settings.

This article uses Census data from 1940 to 1990 to examine whether the hypotheses advanced for the absence of economic progress of black men relative to white men during the 1980s are consistent with the long-run trends. The findings indicate that skill-biased technological change explains more than changes in industrial composition both in the long run as well as in the 1980s. Moreover, increased competition from women and immigrants does not explain the recent slowed progress of black men; instead, the evidence suggests that middle-skilled white men may be an important source of increased competition.

Over fifty years ago, Justice Murphy warned of the threat to the Fourth Amendment posed by "new methods of photography that penetrate walls or overcome distances."' Dissenting from a majority decision permitting the warrantless use of a "detectaphone" (a device that allows conversations in an adjoining room to be heard), Justice Murphy recognized the Fourth Amendment concerns raised by the application of technology to police surveillance work.2 He correctly identified the difficulty of protecting "[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures" when technology substantially increases the ability of the police to peer into an individual's life.3 A recent technological advancement, infrared imaging, raises similar Fourth Amendment concerns. The police have used infrared imagers-devices that detect infrared radiation and translate it into visible images-to identify indoor marijuanagrowing operations. Because indoor marijuana cultivation requires the use of high-power electric lamps that produce large amounts of infrared radiation, police can infer that structures emitting unusually large amounts of infrared radiation conceal marijuana-growing operations. In a typical case, after receiving

Les AA. analysent les principales evolutions du secteur de la formation professionnelle dans les pays d'Europe de l'Est depuis 1989. Ils appuient leur etude sur le cas precis de l'Albanie, pays en complete restructuration, aidee par differents pays d'Europe de l'Ouest notamment dans la reforme de leur systeme d'enseignement

Technological advancement is proceeding rapidly in the hospital industry, as hospitals compete for physicians and their patients. The determinants of such quality competition have been studied extensively [18; 24; 29]. Concomitant with this technological arms race has been the emergence of new services and treatment arrangements, along with increased specialization by hospitals [6; 24]. The specialty mix of a hospital affects its ability to meet patient-specific needs. For instance, hospitals that specialize in coronary care can respond more readily to unanticipated treatment complications among cardiac patients than could other hospitals. Patterns of specialization vary substantially across geographic markets. As Luke [19, 241] notes

These 16 essays by faculty and staff of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology create a snapshot of MIT today and a guide to its possible future. The insights they offer will interest anyone concerned with the role of science and technology in American society and the future of scientific and technical education. Topics include the question of whether technology does in fact shape the future, the relationship between technical and liberal education, the Institute's role in exploring options for such societal issues as productivity and pollution, the changing nature of the research library, the proper balance between national and international interests in education and research, and the relationship between MIT and industry. Also included are personal reflections on teaching, on women students at the Institute, and on the possibility of transforming the Institute into a therapeutic community. Other essays discuss recent breakthroughs in linguistics, combustion technology, and the application of system dynamics to pre-college education Finally, the book includes President Vest's own vision of the future, as outlined in his inaugural address.

Between 1979 and 1989, men's average earnings declined and the percentage of men with low earnings increased. Much of the decline in mean earnings and the increased incidence of low earnings can be accounted for by changes in the returns to education, experience, and industry of employment-changes that we attribute to demand-side factors, such as changes in technology. Shifts in industrial employment patterns had a relatively small effect on mean earnings and low earnings rates. However, their effects were larger among blacks than among whites and Hispanics. We also find that educational upgrading over the decade kept mean earnings from falling even further and helped to hold down the growth of low earnings, especially among blacks.

La cooperation europeenne a influence le developpement et la reforme de l'enseignement superieur et de l'education scientifique en Amerique Latine durant ce siecle. Les cooperations entraine les pays de l'OCDE a mener une reflexion sur les challenges souleves par le systeme educatif et scientifique. L'A. envisage la nature et les roles de ces cooperations dans la mise en relation des universites et de la recherche avec les attentes des entreprises

Le role des universites dans la creation et le developpement d'entreprises de hautes technologies souleve un grand interet au Mexique. Pour mieux definir ce role, l'A. presente les liens a instaurer entre universites et entreprises

What impact has the "culture of modernity" had on the field of public administration? Guy B. Adams contends that the American cultural preoccupation with modernity has shaped the study of puhlic administration into an ahistorical and atemporal field that stresses technical rationality and has limited capacity to address critical questions facing society. This approach to public administration puts its emphasis on professionalism and the "scientific" and "rigorous" study of the field. Adams calls for greater attention to history that produces a "genuinely open inquiry" in the field. A Century of Progress title of the 1933 Chicago World's Fair

The electronic digital computer is a scientific and technological advance that has had, and continues to have, profound significance both for the scientific community and for society in general. Even so, historical studies have been sorely lacking. This study focuses on the early period and specifically on two inventors, John William Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, Jr., who between 1943 and 1951 were responsible for many "firsts" in the computing field, including the following: (1) the ENIAC, the first operational large-scale electronic digital computer, constructed at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania under an army ordnance contract during the years 1943-46; (2) the EDVAC, also constructed at the Moore School, the first electronic digital computer to incorporate the stored-program concept, conceived in 1944 and funded as a supplement to the ENIAC contract though not actually completed until 1951, five years after Eckert and Mauchly left to form their own company; (3) the BINAC, the first electronic digital computer with stored-program capability to be completed in the United States, begun in 1947, a year after Eckert and Mauchly formed their partnership, and completed in August 1949, just a few months after the British unveiled the EDSAC, the world's first stored-program computer, which had been modeled after the EDVAC; (4) the UNIVAC, the first general purpose electronic digital computer designed for commercial use, begun in 1946 and completed in 1951.1 In this article I propose to examine the entrepreneurial activities of

The controversy between advocates of economic growth and their opponents is reviewed. Contrary to what is often assumed, individual outputs and inputs have typically grown at declining proportionate rates and even total output has not always grown exponentially. Underlying the controversy are different views of what constitutes social welfare, different attitudes to risk, different expectations regarding the ability of technological advance to solve the problems it creates, and related to the latter point, differences in the importance attached to the relation between economic activity and its environment. A slowing down of population growth in the poorer countries and of growth in per capita output in the richer countries are desirable, but are unlikely to be achieved without drastic changes in social and economic structure.

The sand clock1 is one of those technological enigmas whose development seems to have been dependent as much on concurrent human values as on the logical course of technological advancement. Technologically speaking, this device could have been developed at any time after the successful introduction of the water clock (clepsydra) sometime before 1500 B.c.,2 since both devices operate on the same fundamental principles with a liquid being used as the flowing substance in one case and a powdered granular material in the other. Yet all artifactual evidence to date indicates that the sand clock did not

A. An Introduction to Computer Technology . 1050 B. "Writing" Application Programs 1051 1. The design of computer-human interfaces 1053 2. Software engineering 1055 3. The process of technological advancement in application programming 1057 II. AN ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYZING LEGAL PROTECTION FOR APPLICATION PROGRAMS 1058

This study explores the relationships between yield level and stability and advances in technology and changes in weather, with application to U.S. corn production. Based on an evaluation at the farm, sub-state, and national levels, no evidence of yield plateaus is found, and absolute, but not relative, yield variability net of technology time trend alone is seen to have increased over time. When yield behavior is adjusted for weather, variances are more likely to be equal between the two periods. These results suggest that technology is not the only determinant of changing yield risk.

During the past decade, two movements have emerged at the forefront of the language profession: that of Computer-Assisted Instruction, and that of Oral Proficiency Testing. Yet despite their growing popularity, these developments have charted separate paths and thus remain lamentably unrelated. This is particularly evident at professional meetings. More and more papers and panel discussions are dedicated to these topics, but never to both. And those who attend a session on computers are seldom seen at one dedicated to oral proficiency. It would therefore be prudent to provide brief descriptions of these movements for the benefit of their respective proponents.

This paper employs the perspective of a social psychologist in an attempt to understand and analyse the problems involved in implementing new forms of technology in education. It begins by reviewing educational technologists' own admissions of current problems together with their prescriptions for improvement. As a result, a conspicuous omission in their theorizing and thinking is revealed, namely the social context within which learning takes place. This leads us first to some general proposals concerning ways in which a social psychological perspective might help to facilitate understanding of the disappointments of recent years; and secondly to some suggestions concerning specific social limitations on the take-up and use of new technology.

IN his seminal work, Schmookler [I5] investigated the role of economic factors in the determination of the rate of technological change. The latter he approximated by patenting activity. The validity of this approximation has merited considerable discussion (see for example Scherer [I4]), but for present purposes we will take the objections as read. Schmookler's major result is that, 'capital goods invention tends to be distributed among industries in proportion to the prevailing distribution of investment. The central reason for this evidently is that inventing is heavily influenced by considerations of profitability.' This represented a considerable advance in that it supported empirically an hypothesis that technological change was endogenous to the economic system. The purpose of the present paper is to investigate the validity of Schmookler's results in the UK case. In particular we wish to stress the effects of cost differences on the level of patenting activity. If costs of invention are an important determinant of patenting activity, then this immediately implies that technological opportunity is important in determining the rate of technological advance, and such a finding is in contrast to those of Schmookler (see Rosenberg [I2]) although consistent with theoretical suppositions (Nordhaus [I I]). Although considerable effort has gone into the investigation of the relationship between patenting activity and market structure and between technological advance and technological opportunity (see Scherer [IND), the main argument of Schmookler that demand pull factors are of prime importance in the inter-industry distribution of invention seems to have merited little further empirical investigation. If one restricts one's view to the UK case this statement is even more relevant.1 In section II we develop a model for the explanation of patenting activity