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Urban and rural fertility patterns in developing countries are analyzed in an effort to identify how "place" and "person" factors influence fertility behavior. Data were collected for the period after 1965 from 30-40 developing countries distributed relatively proportionately between Latin America Africa and Asia. The 1970 round of censuses recent fertility and KAP surveys and supplemental information from statistical annuals or the United Nations Demographic Yearbook were used. Initially the pattern of differences was investigated to identify where urban fertility is lower than rural fertility and where it is not. After documenting the current pattern of urban-rural differentials the underlying causal factors producing these fertility differences were investigated. Included among the conclusions suggested by the analysis are the following: 1) urban fertility is 25% lower than rural fertility; 2) fertility declines occur 1st in urban areas and then in rural areas but the decline is not linear in either area and therefore the fertility differential fluctuates; 3) the age pattern of childbearing is important to understanding urban-rural differentials; 4) patterns of urbanization affect the overall and age-specific differentials; 5) regional factors also influence the fertility differentials; 6) there are sizable inter-urban and inter-rural fertility variations; 7) factors influencing fertility operate at 2 levels of community size; 8) heterogeneity and diverse opportunities may be the place characteristics of most importance; and 9) family size intentions are shaped by culturally and economically determined perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of children.

Evidence regarding the effects of health status on migration are mixed with some concluding that there is a positive relation while others conclude a negative relation. This study examines the analytical bases for conflicting findings and proposes a model of the health-migration relation which allows for age selectivity nonlinearities interactions and dynamic effects. Often in migration research we focus on migrant-nonmigrant differentials which helps us to understand the cross-sectional differences between the 2 groups of persons but it does little to elucidate the complex process by which nonmigrants become migrants. The sequence of migration and health events from the US National Health Interview Survey from 1979-1980 show that for the population under age 45 there is little temporal connection between migration and health status changes. 2/3 of the younger population with at least 1 health or migration event migrated only with health status changes neither preceding nor following the migration. Since the migration and health events for these persons are not associated in time there is little basis for positing strong relations of either direction for the nonelderly. The age groups for which migration and health events are connected in time are those over age 45 and the temporal proximity becomes even more marked for the elderly. Among the elderly the migrant-only group constituted only 10% of those with at least 1 event. As expected for the elderly the dominant relation is health deterioration after migration the pattern displayed by 65% of the elderly with events in the last 5 years. The elderly are also more likely to be in the Destabilized Migrant category experiencing health status declines both before and after migration. This is also consistent with the theory that the elderly in poor health at the time of migration will be more likely to be stressed by their migration and experience further deteriorations in health. The conditional probabilities indicate that health status declines are unlikely to precipitate immediate migrations except for those with pre-existing serious conditions or more severe activity limitations. (authors modified)