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In Hamlet, Shakespeare's wordplay creates patterns of doubling, splitting, loss, and replacement that mimic the situations of not only the dramatic characters, but also the changing English church of the Reformation period. Puns provide verbal cues to remind the audience of the curtailing of old Roman rites, especially communion, burial practices, sanctuary, and prayer. They also draw attention to replacements of material furnishings of the church by the numerous allusions to tables, the arras, and the royal bed, all of which serve as reminders of the replacement of altars by reformers. Old religious practices have been secularized and adapted for the stage, but the wordplay attests to an ambivalence about the shifts in rites and to anxiety about iconoclastic change.

Environmental or nutritional estrogenic toxicants are thought to mediate developmental and carcinogenic pathologies. Estrogen receptor (ER) measurements are currently used to predict hormonal responsiveness; therefore all ER subpopulations should be considered. We have been involved in the immunoidentification and characterization of membrane steroid receptors in several systems and have recently shown that binding of estradiol (E2) to a subpopulation of ERs (mER) residing in the plasma membrane of GH3 pituitary tumor cells mediates the rapid release of prolactin (PRL). Here we review these findings and present other important characterizations of these receptors such as trypsin and serum susceptibility, movement in the membrane, confocal localization to the membrane, binding to and function of impeded ligands, and immunoseparation of cells bearing mER. We plan to use this system as a model for both the physiological and pathological nongenomic effects of estrogens and estrogenic xenobiotics. Specifically, it should be useful as an in vitro assay system for the ability of estrogenic xenobiotics to cause rapid PRL release as an example of nongenomic estrogen effects. Images Figure 4. A Figure 4. B Figure 4. C Figure 4. D Figure 4. E Figure 4. F Figure 5. A Figure 5. B Figure 6. A Figure 6. B Figure 6. C Figure 7. A Figure 7. B Figure 7. C Figure 7. D

The growth and direction of public administration as a field are significantly affected by editors and editorial boards of academic and practitioner journals. Rigorous evaluation and selection of research for publication are essential to strengthening the integrity, and, therefore, the identity, of public administration. Through the review process, journals not only establish quality standards but also provide a gatekeeping function, deciding the nature and scope of ideas presented to the practicing and academic communities for discussion. No other mechanism, with the possible exception of professional conferences, is as powerful in determining the boundaries and characteristics of the field. In essence, journals serve as an invisible seminar of public administration research., Yet not all publication outlets are equal in terms of their impact. In this article, we identify the journals that pivotal members of the profession consider most valuable as a scholarly forum, and hence, most influential in defining the discipline. Another reason for conducting this research was to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of journal worth. Previous studies have used journal publications to assess the quality of graduate programs (Jennings, 1989; Legge and Devore, 1987; Morgan and Meier, 1982; Morgan et al., 198 1). Others have used journal rankings as an instrument for determining the methodological soundness of empirical research in the field (Houston and Delevan, 1990). According to Colson (1990), having an idea of the value of journals may facilitate the appraisal of faculty publication records, especially with respect to tenure and promotion decisions. Also, Colson claims that journal rankings might provide untenured faculty with a better understanding of the publications most suitable for their research (p. 452). He furthermore states that "an improved assessment should also benefit journal editors, research administrators, collection development librarians, information analysts, and other persons who need qualitative measures of stratification among learned publications" (p. 453). From both a scholarly and practitioner standpoint, a comprehensive list of journals that reflects their perceived worth can serve a number of practical and research applications. However, journal rankings used in previous research suffer from a number of limitations that restrict their usefulness. To develop a new ranking of public administration journals, and to understand the reasons for the rankings, we must examine the methodologies and limitations of previous research. Assessing Ranking Methodology Three limitations in particular have restricted the utility of previous assessment of public administration journals: (1) no agreement has been reached on the methods that should be used to appraise the relative values of journals to the profession; (2) the individuals and journals sampled for data have been restricted whereas the number and types of journals considered for study have been virtually boundless; and (3) hypotheses have not generally guided the research on journal assessment. With respect to the first limitation, Vocino and Elliot (1982, 1984) evaluated refereed and nonrefereed journals on the basis of prestige, which they interpreted as consisting of two dimensions, intensity and extensity.(2) Using survey data from the years 1975, 1978, and 1981, they discovered that political science journals had declined in prestige and recognition, particularly among practitioners. Moreover, according to the authors, the earlier higher prestige associated with public administration journals indicated the development of the field as a discipline separate from political science. Vocino and Elliot's (1982, 1984) research, however, has been challenged by Colson (1990, p. 452) on grounds that it had weak conceptual validity and poor methodological performance. Fundamentally different from Vocino and Elliot's study, Colson's (1990) assessment of journal quality employed citation analysis as opposed to prestige ranking. …

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This is a revised and expanded edition of poems by the renowned nineteenth-century Charleston writer and historian. This twentieth anniversary edition of "The Selected Poems of William Gilmore Simms", edited by James Everett Kibler, makes available once again the distinctive poetry of one of South Carolina's foremost men of letters as introduced and annotated by a distinguished scholar of Simms and his poetry. William Gilmore Simms (1806-1870) has long held the attention of scholars and general readers alike for his numerous volumes of Southern history and literature, but his poetry - which he considered the truest measure of his literary achievement - has remained largely on the periphery of Simms studies. In 1990 Kibler published the first edition of this volume to make widely available nearly two hundred of the most sophisticated examples of Simms's extant poetry - signed and unsigned, published and unpublished. These poems reveal Simms to be deeply concerned with faith, family, nature, tradition, his native Charleston, and a vision of Southern culture that, while conservative, is more broadly defined than formerly recognized. Simms' mastery of poetic forms is evident as he moves effortlessly from ballads and odes to sonnets and epigrams. His spontaneous lyrics seem modern in their vivid conveyance of emotions, a characteristic rarely matched by his contemporaries, and the rich historical imagination at work in other verses further distinguishes him. This revised edition is augmented with fifteen new poems as well as a new introduction by Kibler reflecting on the past two decades of Simms scholarship. The volume is a clarion call for renewed appreciation of a once forgotten poet now on the cusp of reinstatement as a major American voice.

The seasonal response matrix of gas exchange in Parmelia disjuncta is presented for a number of factorial combinations of light, thallus temperature, and thallus water content throughout the year. The results show a general level of adaptation to a xeric, low-arctic environment with maximum rates of net photo- synthesis occurring at 140C and 100-150% water content by weight. The data show a significant increase in respiration in the winter collection, presumably signalling a cold-hardened state. In addition there is a clear response to summer high-light conditions with net photosynthetic rates responding markedly to the maximum levels of illumination used. These capacity changes are discussed in terms of "win- ter hardening," photosynthetic acclimation (which infers homeostatic control), as well as capacity changes that offer an alternative strategy allowing maximum carbon gain with a minimum "maintenance cost." Field measurements at Churchill, Manitoba show that thallus temperatures, under moderate radiation conditions in summer, reach 260C whilst air temperature was ca. 90C. Accordingly, under high radiation and even with the normal coastal windy conditions, thallus temperatures of 350C are very likely to occur, with per- haps 450C being reached around solar noon. These high thallus temperatures are induced by both the dark colour and the virtually crustaceous habit of the thallus. The response of air-dry replicates to thermal stress is remarkably uniform with no evidence of stress effects after 21 days storage with a maximum daily temperature of 350C. Even after three weeks storage under 450C, there is only slight evidence of reduced photosynthetic capacity. This finding emphasises that although there may be an overall correlation between latitude and the ability of a lichen to tolerate thermal stress, there will be numerous exceptions. Each species may have a very specific niche with an equally specific set of strategies allowing optimum carbon assimilation and growth.

Geometrical probability and statistics are poorly defined fields. But many sciences raise probabilistic and statistical problems that are inherently geometrical. (This is to be contrasted with a geometrical approach to non-geometrical problems.) In particular, Geology and Metallurgy need both stochastic models for spatial phenomena and methods of analysis for spatial data. Associated with the 38th Session of the ISI in Washington, there was a Satellite Symposium [10] at the Battelle Institute, Seattle, devoted to these problems, with particular emphasis on metals. This symposium had funds which were not available for its sequel in France, which had a more geological setting. As a result many possible speakers had to cancel at the last moment. Thus the original intent is not clearly seen from the titles of the papers. The aim was to bring together people working on the mathematical theory of random sets and those concerned with Statistical problems where this theory could be helpful. It was natural to hold the Symposium at the Centre de Morphologie Mathematique since pioneering work in this whole area was done there. The concept of a random set unifies geometric probability and many parts of probability theory and analysis. Statisticians are very familiar with F (x) = prob {X

RUBIN, KENNETH H.; WATSON, KATHRYN S.; and JAMBOR, THOMAS W. Free-Play Behaviors in Preschool and Kindergarten Children. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1978, 49, 534-536. The present study concerned age differences in the social and cognitive play of children. It was revealed that kindergarten children displayed less unoccupied, onlooker, solitary, and functional activity and more group and4ramatic play than preschoolers. Examination of the combined PartenSmilansky Play Scale revealed preschoolers to engage in significantly more solitary-functional and parallel-functional play and in less parallel-constructive, parallel-dramatic, and group dramatic play than their kindergarten counterparts.