Search

II. INNOVATION-ENHANCING AND INNOVATION-INHIBITING EFFECTS OF PATENTS IN NORMAL SCIENCE 669 A. Traditional Justifications for Patent Law 669 B. Rebuttals to Traditional Patent Theory: Scientific Communism and the Tragedy of the Anticommons ...... 671 1. Norms of Communal Sharing and Implications for Patent Law 671 2. The Tragedy of the Anticommons 673 C. The Mixed Relationship of Patents to Normal Scientific Progress 675

11. Subjective Probability. Edited by G. Wright and P. Ayton. ISBN 0 471 94443 2. Wiley, Chichester, 1994. xx+574 pp. £59.95.

With his annotated translation of P'aegwan chapki by O Sukkwon (fl. 1525-54), Peter Lee orients his readers in the historically and culturally revealing genre of literary miscellany chapki that flourished in Yi Korea from the fifteenth century onward. A precursor of narrative fiction, chapki employed a first-person viewpoint to present not only biographical and autobiographical information but also critiques of poetry, character sketches, random jottings, and tales. Lee's introduction discusses the rhetorical devices, style, and structure of The Storyteller's Miscellany then analyzes favored topics in the literary miscellany as it was generally practiced throughout East Asia and particularly in O Sukkwon's Korean work. Lee finds that literary miscellany, as opposed to formal and canonical East Asian prose genres, was best suited to the presentation of the self. In his study he discusses how a narrator's critical stance and creation of lifelike characters in an eyewitness style contributed to the development of narrative fiction.

Poetry. Asian Studies. Translated from the Japanese by Robert Epp. Selected for the UNESCO Collection of Representative Works. Winner of the Yomiuri Prize in 1966. Kinoshita Yuji (1903-1965)was born in the small provincial town of Miyuki, near Hiroshima, where he worked for many years as a pharmacist, despite an early passion for French literature. A perfectionist who wrote fewer than 400 poems, his crisp, vivid imagery often expresses the tension between his rural life and his urge to be a sophisticated modern and urban poet. Preface by Ooka Makoto.

In many comparative carcinogenesis experiments in animals the nontumour mortality experience of the different groups of animals varies considerably. Allowing for this differing non-tumour mortality is a major problem in the analysis of such experiments. Many methods have been suggested to overcome this difficulty, the majority of which depend on an analysis of the age-specific tumour rates. Twort and Twort in their pioneer work [1930; 1931; 1933] used measures based on arbitrary standard populations. These measures were considered in detail by Irwin [1946], but he preferred to estimate the mean of the hypothetical distribution of time to tumour in the absence of non-tumour mortality. Pike and Roe [1963] also used this hypothetical distribution of tumourless life, but they considered the whole curve. Models assuming particular functional forms for this distribution have been suggested by Lea [1945], Pike [1966], and Paige (in Day [1967]). Standardisation has not been referred to widely in the literature, but Paige presented an alternative analysis based on Yule's [1934] direct method of age standardization. This method of analysis is essentially unsatisfactory, as it can lead to standardized numbers of tumour bearing animals in excess of the number of animals on test. Many investigators ignore the problem entirely and present only actual tumour counts. When the object of an experiment is merely to demonstrate the presence or absence of a carcinogenic effect, the method of analysis is not usually critical. In many fields, however, attempts are being made to estimate the relative carcinogenicities of substances and to relate these to chemical and physical properties. The method of analysis is then important. For the chemists, physicists, and biologists who use the results, the number of animals acquiring tumours is a simple and obvious measure of effect. A technique which corrects this count for differing non-tumour mortality will, therefore, have great intuitive appeal. This paper describes such a technique.