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In creating the first American labor movement, the craftsmen of Andrew Jackson's time advanced several ideas that challenged the doctrine of extreme laissez-faire which was then emerging. This essay examines six of those ideas—such as the beliefs that there were an excessive inequality of wealth and widespread monopoly—which provided support for the idea and practice of trade unionism. The author shows that these ideas have continued to be espoused by leaders and members of successive labor federations, including those of the AFL-CIO. He suggests that the persistence of these ideas reflects the persistence in some form of the political, social, and economic inequities that first evoked the ideas.

Two living species of the true prairie grouse (genus Tympanuchus) are known("); these are T. cupido and T. pallidicinctus. Tympanuchus cupido is separable into two subspecies; (1) the greater prairie chicken (T.c. pinnatus) ranging from northern Oklahoma and southern Kansas northeast to Indiana and Ohio, and north into Canada and (2) the Attwater prairie chicken (T.c. attwateri) now limited to the coastal prairies of Texas and Southwestern Louisiana. Tympanuchus pallidicinctus, the lesser prairie chicken, occurs from southwestern Kansas and southeastern Colorado through the Oklahoma Panhandle and into western Texas and eastern New Mexico. Thus, both the greater and lesser prairie chickens occur in Kansas where both are at the periphery of their ranges rather than at the centers of the areas of distribution.

Previous investigations have indicated that the oxidative phase of intermediary carbohydrate metabolism in hematopoietic tissues is inhibited by whole-body X-irradiation. DuBois et al. (1) found that citric acid synthesis in vivo is markedly depressed in the spleens and thymus glands after lethal and sublethal doses of X-ray. A depression of oxygen consumption by slices of a variety of tissues from irradiated animals has been reported, and this metabolic defect has been attributed to inhibition of sulfhydryl enzymes (2). However, several recent studies involving assays for specific enzymes (3-7) and measurements of the respiration of tissue slices (8) do not support the idea that inhibition of the oxidative phase of carbohydrate metabolism is a general occurrence in the tissues of irradiated animals or that sulfhydryl enzymes are especially susceptible to inhibition by ionizing radiations in vivo. The findings of various investigators on this subject have been reviewed recently by DuBois and Petersen (9). The present study was undertaken to obtain further information on the influence of radiation on the oxidative capacity of hematopoietic tissues. Measurements of endogenous respiration and the oxidation of several intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle were made on the spleens and thymus glands of irradiated rats. The results of this study indicate that radiation produces a marked decrease in endogenous respiration of the spleen and thymus glands. This effect on oxygen consumption of the irradiated spleen is reduced by pretreatment of animals with p-aminopropiophenone (10) or cysteine (11).