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DURING a service in 1639, John Cotton, having addressed his Boston congregation on a number of issues concerning Congregational church government and lay-clerical relations, turned to the practical lessons churchgoers might draw from his sermon. Let every man be "studious of the bounds" the Lord has set around leaders, Cotton urged, for the Bible warns that "if a Church or head of a Church could have done worse, he would have done it: This is one of the strains of nature." Churchgoers should never forget, he concluded, "that all power that is on earth [must] be limited, church power or other." Whether in church, state, or even the family, Cotton continued, "let there be due bounds set." For though "it is counted a matter of danger to the State to limit Prerogatives ..., it is a further danger not to have them limited: They will be like a Tempest, if they be not limited."1 Recognized as the father of New England Congregationalism, Cotton frequently referenced larger political principles in his sermons on church government. He not only urged that higher laws-founded on the Bible and, later, supported by the Cambridge Platform of church government, which Puritans de

This is the sermon notebook of the pastor of the local church in Salem at the time of the notorious witchcraft hysteria of 1692-93. These sermons were preached from his ordination in 1689, through the summer of trials and executions in 1692, and on into the aftermath of the controversy.

Intraspecific comparisons along geographic gradients are useful in evaluating the adaptive sig- nificance of avian incubation behavior. Incubation constancy in northern-breeding Anserinae is correlated with breeding success, and trumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator) populations vary in growth and other population characteristics. Thus, we compared incubation constancy and other behaviors of female trumpeter swans nesting in 2 areas suspected to differ in food quality and availability: the Copper River Delta, Alaska (1988-89), and the Tristate Region of Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming (1991). Alaskan females fed on abundant emergent macrophytes, whereas Tristate females fed on submerged macrophytes that may require more search and handling time. Alaskan swans took shorter (P = 0.001) incubation recesses and maintained higher (P = 0.017) incubation constancy than Tristate birds. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that the Tristate Region is lower quality swan habitat than that in Alaska because it appears to lack food resources necessary for female swans to maintain a high incubation constancy in an area with a short and harsh breeding season.

ALTHOUGH there are dissenters among them, historians have traditionally regarded the Great Awakening in New England not simply as a watershed in the religious history of the region but as a turning point in popular conceptions of authority, which eventually paved the way for a more democratic culture and the American Revolution.' In reaching such conclusions, historians have relied heavily upon the rise and development of the Separate movement. The reason for this emphasis is twofold. Of all the various religious groups that emerged during

The zooplankton community of eutrophic Lahontan Reservoir, Nevada was studied during a 22-month period of 1980 and 1981. The zooplankton community consisted of seven species of cladocerans, two species of copepods and nine species of rotifers. The dominant zooplankters were the cladocerans Daphnia galeata, D. schodleri, Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum, and Bosmina coregoni, the copepods Cyclops vernalis, and Diaptomus sicilis, and the rotifer Keratella. Mean zooplankton density was 37.2/1 in 1980 and 64.7/1 in 1981. Overall, copepods comprised 50 percent, cladocerans 34 percent, and rotifers 16 percent of the total population. Biotic and abiotic factors are discussed in relation to their potential influence on zooplankton community structure. Lahontan Reservoir, Nevada, located in the arid Great Basin, exhibits characteristics of a culturally eutrophic waterbody (Cooper et al., 1983). Nutrient enrichment of the reservoir was traced primarily to seven waste treatment plants that discharge into the Truckee and Carson rivers (RichardHaggard, 1983). A secondary, but significant, source of nutrient loading to the reservoir is runoff from approximately 29,000 ha of irrigated agriculture. In an attempt to improve the water quality in Lahontan Reservoir, a restoration plan is underway that includes reductions in nutrient loading via a combination of land application or tertiary treatment of sewage effluent and "best management practices" for diffuse source loading. Water quality models applied to the reservoir indicate that a reduction in nutrient loading will modify phytoplankton structure and decrease biomass and production (French et al., 1983). Changes in the phytoplankton community can trigger ecological changes in the zooplankton community (Patalas, 1972; Ravera, 1980; Edmondson and Litt, 1982). Because zooplankton life histories are relatively short they are almost instantaneous indicators of changes in water quality (Brooks, 1969). In this paper we document the prerestoration species composition of the Lahontan Reservoir zooplankton community and the spatial and temporal variation in zooplankton abundance. STUDY SITE.-Lahontan Reservoir, situated on the Carson River drainage, is a storage impoundment located approximately 72 km southeast of Reno, Nevada. The dam was constructed during 1911-1915 by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and is part of the Newland's Irrigation Project. The reservoir receives the entire flow of the Carson River in addition to a transbasin diversion from the Truckee River. Morphologic and hydrologic characteristics of Lahontan Reservoir are presented in Table 1 and Fig. 1. Symptoms of eutrophication include an annual bloom of the cyanophyte, Aphanizomenon flosaquae that has exceeded concentrations of 150,000 cells/ml. At the peak of the bloom surface chlorophyll a concentrations have reached 350,gg/l (Cooper and Vigg, 1984). Blue-green algae dominate the phytoplankton community from May or June through October. Gross primary production for 1980 ranged from 133 to 318 g C/m2/yr in the least and most productive areas T E SOUTHWESTERN NATUR LIST 30(2):239-252 MAY 31, 1985 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.149 on Wed, 19 Oct 2016 04:09:41 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms The Southwestern Naturalist TABLE 1.-Morphologic and hydrologic characteristics of Lahontan Reservoir, Nevada. Characteristic Value Maximum length 27 km axi u width 4 k Maximum depth 26 m ean depth 8.1 Surface area 4,410 ha Spillway elevation 1,269 m Capacity 3.57 X 108 m3 Annual Inflow Carson River 3.26 X 108 m3 Truckee Canal 2.18 X 10I m3 Hydraulic Residence Time 0.77 yrs Watershed Area Carson River 5,050 km2 Truckee Canal 1,190 km2* Shoreline length 96 km Shoreline development ratio 4.09 Mean annual water level fluctuation 9.4 m *This value represents 27.5% of the Truckee River watershed above the Truckee Canal diversion which is the percentage of the Truckee River annual flow that enters Lahontan Reservoir. of the reservoir, respectively. Hypolimnetic oxygen depletions are common during stratification periods in the monomictic northern basin (Fig. 1). The shallower, relatively turbid, and less productive southern basin of the reservoir is polymictic. Lahontan Reservoir is nitrogen deficient and relatively phosphorus rich with growing season TN:TP ratios less than 5 to 1. Other studies show that low N:P ratios favor the dominance of nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae (Schindler, 1977; Flett et al., 1980; Smith, 1983). Assays using the acetylene-reduction technique confirmed that nitrogen-fixation by A. flos-aquae is occurring in Lahontan Reservoir (Cooper and Vigg, 1984). METHODS.-Zooplankton samples were collected monthly with a Wisconsin plankton net (153pA mesh) from four sampling locations on the reservoir (Fig. 1) from February 1980 through November 1981. Each sample consisted of a vertical tow from 10 m to the surface and was preserved in 40 percent ethyl alcohol (Pennak, 1953) in the field. Zooplankton were counted in a Sedgewick-Rafter counting chamber with a binocular microscope at 40-100X magnification. Species were identified using the taxonomic keys of Pennak (1953), Brooks (1957), Yeatman (1959), and Ward and Whipple (1959). Net phytoplankton was field filtered through a 64A mesh net and counts made in a SedgewickRafter counting chamber (Welch, 1948). Diatoms were enumerated using the membrane filter technique described by McNabb (1960). Algal species were identified with the taxonomic works of Hustedt (1930), Ward and Whipple (1959), Prescott (1970), Patrick and Reimer (1975), Vinyard (1979) and LaRivers (1978). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.-Zooplankton Composition.-The Lahontan Reservoir zooplankton community was composed of seven cladocerans, two copepods, and nine rotifers (Table 2). Between February 1980 and November 1981 reservoir zooplankton were dominated by the copepod Cyclops vernalis, closely followed by Daphnia schodleri and D. galeta (Table 2). The cladocerans Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum and Bosmina coregoni, the copepod Diaptomus sicilis, and the rotifer Keratella also had significant populations (> 1.0 percent with respect to overall relative abundance). The average standing crop during the study for copepods was 24.8/1 and ranged from 8.7 to 73.6 individuals per liter; cladocerans averaged 16.7/1 240 vol. 30, no. 2 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.149 on Wed, 19 Oct 2016 04:09:41 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms May 1985 Cooper and Vigg-Composition and Seasonal Succession of Zooplankton

H ISTORIANS have traditionally regarded few episodes in early New England history as more significant than the Antinomian controversy. David D. Hall has described the crisis as "a struggle for control of Massachusetts," while B. R. Burg asserted that the dispute carried the colony to "the verge of armed conflict." In fact, essentially all historical analyses of the Antinomian affair suggest that it extended well beyond mere theological disagreement. Those who supported Anne Hutchinson challenged their ministers' roles as interpreters of the Word, rejected man's institutions, and, according to Darrett B. Rutman, "opened the door to a thrusting aside of all distinctions of birth, wealth, education." In response to this uprising, historians have suggested, ministers concluded that Congregational church order granted too much authority to the laity, and they proceeded to reapportion responsibilities within their churches to tip the balance in favor of the clergy. This lay rebellion thus served as the critical factor in motivating the elders to snuff out nascent democracy within the churches and to initiate, in Hall's words, "a quiet revolution" in the development of New England Congregationalism.' A reconsideration of available evidence, however, suggests that the lay rebellion against clerical authority within indi

We studied fall flock behavior and harvest of locally breeding Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and those that use the area as a migration stopover at the Talcot Lake Wildlife Management Area (TLWMA) in southwest Minnesota in 1980-81. We used neckbands and radio transmitters to measure movements and survival of geese. We conducted aerial and ground surveys to estimate the size of goose populations. The 800-ha TLWMA refuge provided hunting season sanctuary for geese breeding in a 1,500-km2 area surrounding the refuge. Fidelity of local geese to feeding and roosting sites was strong throughout the fall. Prehuntingseason flight patterns to feeding sites off the refuge continued despite heavy hunting pressure. Marked families from a given brood-rearing site fed and roosted together at rates greater than would have been expected by chance. This subflock behavior, combined with consistent flight patterns, resulted in differential mortality among brood-rearing groups. In contrast, migrants remained at TLWMA briefly, fed independently from local geese when off the refuge, and were harvested at a lower rate (P < 0.05) than local geese. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 52(4):679-688 The giant Canada goose (B. c. maxima) has been restored over much of its former midwestern range (Nelson 1963, Brakhage 1965, Dill and Lee 1970, Cooper 1978). This race has steadily increased to an estimated 108,000 birds in the Mississippi Flyway in 1981 (U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. and Can. Wildl. Serv. 1982). Although less numerous than subarctic and arctic goose populations (Bellrose 1976), resident populations of giant Canada geese provide recreation where geese were once rare or absent (Hine and Schoenfeld 1968). Management programs for local geese have included establishing additional populations, improving breeding habitat, and establishing refuges. Refuges have also contributed to an increase in subarctic and arctic nesting Canada geese stopping in the upper midwest (Vaught and Kirsch 1966, Reeves et al. 1968). Concurrent use of refuges by migrant geese and locally breeding geese is common. Goose concentrations on refuges have resulted in high hunter densities, firing lines, and crop depredations. These issues, and a goal to apportion the harvest of geese equitably in the Mississippi Flyway, have led to a search for methods to distribute migrant geese (Reeves et al. 1968). Sherwood (1968) identified hunting as an important limiting factor for restored populations; therefore, techniques are needed for managing the harvest of migrant and locally breeding geese concurrently using a refuge. An understanding of the behavior of migrant and resident geese during fall is necessary to attain this objective. Migratory and wintering subpopulations or subflocks of Canada geese have been described by Kennedy and Arthur (1974), Koerner et al. (1974), and Raveling (1969, 1978, 1979). Zicus (1981a) documented subflock behavior on the breeding grounds in summer and fall. Zicus (1981a) suggested that resident geese rearing young at specific sites associated with each other and differed from other subflocks in their use of a refuge for feeding and roosting; he speculated that subflocks may differ in their vulnerability to hunting. Our study examined behavior of resident and migrant Canada geese using a refuge concurrently during fall in southwest Minnesota. We studied chronological changes in size and composition of migrant and local flocks, use of feeding sites, family associations and mortality rates among local geese, composition of the Canada goose harvest, and factors affecting vulnerability of these geese to hunting. We thank J. R. Kitts and F. B. Martin, University of Minnesota, for reviewing the manuscript and for assisting with statistical procedures, respectively. R. J. Peterson, J. G. Beech, D. G. Opdahl, L. M. Koster, E. L. Larson, and other personnel of the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) helped with banding, observations, and bag checks. Additional banding assistance was provided by S. J. 1 Present address: Section of Wildlife, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 231 E. Second Street, Redwood Falls, MN 56283.

IN recent studies of lay-clerical relations in early New England, historians have sought to determine the direction of the flow of ideas between ministers and ordinary people. Their arguments center on the extent to which leaders and followers shared a "collective mentality" unusual for seventeenth-century "pre-modern" societies. George Selement, for instance, has compared conversion testimonials of Cambridge lay people to Thomas Shepard's preaching in order to demonstrate the degree to which churchgoers internalized their ministers' theology of conversion, while David D. Hall has presented evidence that lay people were not merely passive receptacles of elite culture but were "active makers of their own world view."' An issue central to this discussion has yet to be touched upon: lay understanding of and participation in church government. First-generation churchgoers devoted more attention to issues involving admissions, discipline, and other procedures than to any subject except the sermon itself. Yet historians know very little about the role of lay people in church affairs. Did they understand the complexities of the Congregational Way well enough to govern churches with their ministers? If so, how did they achieve this understanding? What specific roles did they play in the creation and operation of church government? Historians such as Emory Elliott, Hall, and Larzer Ziff, suggesting that the churches were virtual democracies in the i63os, assert that lay people even created the complex set of laws by which their churches were governed.2 Owing in large