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Uvariopsis submontana Kenfack, Gosline & Gereau (Annonaceae) is described from premontane habitats in western Cameroon. The new species is morphologically most similar to U. korupensis Gereau & Kenfack, recently described from lower elevations in western Cameroon. The monotypic genus Dennettia Baker f. is completely consistent with the morphological and palynological circumscription of Uvariopsis Engler, and is included in the latter genus under the new combination U. tripetala (Baker f.) G. E. Schatz. A key to the 16 species of this tropical African genus is presented. R1ASUM£. Uvariopsis submontana Kenfacke Gosline & Gereau (Annonaceae) est decrit d'habitats premontagnards de l'Ouest du Cameroun. Quant a sa morphologie, la nouvelle espece ressemble au plus pres 1'U. korupensis Gereau & Kenfack, recemment decrit d'altitudes plus basses de l'Ouest du Cameroun. Le genre monotypique Dennettia Baker f. est tout a fait consistent avec la circonscription morphologique et palynologique d'Uvariopsis Engler et est inclu dans celui-ci sous la nouvelle combinaison Uvariopsis tripetala (Baker f.) G. E. Schatz. Une cle des 16 especes de ce genre de l'Afrique tropicale est presentee.

Our actions during the next two decades will largely determine how many of the worlds ca. 300,000 species of vascular plants will survive for future generations. The fundamental data that define both the taxonomic frameworks within which species are circumscribed and delimited from related species, as well as the geographical distributions of those species, reside in the world's ca. 3000 herbaria. These herbaria, and the taxonomists who work in them, can and must play a critical role in identifying as rapidly as possible those species most threatened with extinction. A project that has focused on the species in Madagascar's seven endemic plant families has demonstrated the necessity of reviewing, and then revising when necessary, the existing taxonomic framework. Comprehensive databasing and georeferencing of primary occurrence data then facilitated simple GIS analyses of Extent of Occurrence, Area of Occupancy, estimates of the number of "subpopulations," and their presence/absence in protected areas, all of which are parameters that contribute to an expedient preliminary assessment of extinction risk. In addition, simultaneous mapping of all species in the endemic families revealed centers of species richness and endemism of particular conservation importance: both those already incorporated in the protected areas system, and, more importantly, those that currently fall outside of the protection network. Partnerships among the world's herbaria can efficiently achieve an initial global assessment of the most threatened vascular plant species by focussing on taxa endemic at political and regional (e.g., Hotspot) scales. The synthesis and analysis of the primary data housed in the world's herbaria-our only incontestable record of plant life on Earth-constitutes the most effective and robust means of directly informing conservation planning, and thereby minimizing the loss of plant diversity.

Acceptance of current generic concepts in Myrtaceae results in the proposal of 14 new combinations and 1 new name in Syzygium Gaertner. Those taxa from Madagascar and Mayotte originally described in Eugenia L. that have terminal inflorescences and calyptrate corollas should be accommodated within Syzygium. Complete synonymy and typification are given for all accepted

Floral structure of Takhtajania perrieri, the sole species of Winteraceae in Africa/Madagascar, was studied and compared with that in other Winteraceae. Floral organs are in more or less regular whorls, starting dimerous in the outer perianth region and changing to tetramerous and pentainerous in the inner perianth region and androecium. The innermost androecium whorl is often incomplete. The outer tepal pair is congenitally united, and pairs two and three are postgenitally united in their overlapping area in bud. At the transition from the female to the male phase of anthesis the club-shaped stamen filaments are inflated by cell enlargement, accompanied by starch consumption. The dimerous nature of the unilocular gynoecium is confirmed. The normal linear placentae of the two carpels are oblique to almost horizontal, and therefore the gynoecium does not conform to a usual paracarpous gynoecium with parietal placentation. The ovules are larger than those in other Winteraceae. However, the total evidence of floral features clearly shows the position of Takhtajania in the Winteraceae. Within the family it fits best in the Pseuidowinttera/Zygogynun-clade, which is sister to the Tasmannia/Drimys lade.

Two new species of Annonaceae, Sapranthus viridiflorus G. E. Schatz and Unonopsis stevensii G. E. Schatz, are described from Mesoamerica. Color photographs of the new species can be accessed over the World Wide Web by searching the name in WZTROPICOS at http://www.mobot.org/ Pick/Search/pick.html. RESUMEN. Se decriben dos especies nuevas de Annonaceae, Sapranthus viridiflorus G. E. Schatz y Unonopsis stevensii G. E. Schatz, de Mesoambrica. Fotograffas a color de las especies nuevas son accesibles buscando el nombre en las piginas de Internet de WZTROPICOS en la siguiente direcci6n: http://www.mobot.org/Pick/Search/pick.html. In anticipation of the upcoming publication of the Flora de Nicaragua, I provide here names and descriptions for two undescribed species of Annonaceae from Mesoamerica. Sapranthus viridiflorus G. E. Schatz is the southernmost of seven species in a genus extending from the states of Sinaloa and Veracruz, Mexico, to the province of Los Santos, Panama. In contrast to the other species of Sapranthus B. C. Seemann, which occur in seasonally dry deciduous forest and possess membranaceous reddish to deep purple petals with evident venation, S. viridflorus occurs in moist to wet evergreen forest and exhibits thick, fleshy green petals lacking venation at maturity. Unonopsis R. E. Fries is a genus of ca. 40 species distributed from Belize to Bolivia in wet, evergreen forest, with 6 species currently known from Mesoamerica, and an additional 4-5 new species awaiting description. Although not yet known from Nicaragua, Unonopsis stevensii G. E. Schatz is to be expected in the southeastern region of the country along the Rio San Juan just to the north of Cerro Coronel and Barra del Colorado in Costa Rica, the sole locality for the new species. Sapranthus viridiflorus G. E. Schatz, sp. nov. TYPE: Costa Rica. Heredia: La Selva Biological Station of the Organization for Tropical Studies, 4 km S of Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui, 10026'N, 84001'W, 35 m, 15 Feb. 1984 (fl), G. E. Schatz 963 (holotype, MO; isotypes, CR, WIS). Figures 1, 2, and http://hoya.mobot.org/ mobot/research/image/01602308O001.jpg, http: //hoya. mobot. org/mobot/research/image/ 01602308002.jpg A speciebus aliis Sapranthi petalis enervibus carnosis viridibus et carpellis 2-5 differt. Tree to 12 m tall, the young branches brownish gray tomentose. Leaves membranaceous, the petiole 0.4-1.0 cm long, shallowly canaliculate, brownish gray tomentose; lamina elliptic to oblong-obovate, 5.6-29.8 cm long, 2.7-12.1 cm broad, the base cuneate to rounded and somewhat truncate, the apex acuminate to cuspidate, the upper lamina surface sparsely white velutinous, the lower surface white velutinous, the margins finely ciliate; venation weakly brochidodromous with 8-15 lateral veins per side, the midrib slightly impressed and densely white velutinous above, especially toward the base, prominently elevated and short white hirsute below, drying purplish black, the slender lateral veins elevated and short white hirsute below. Flowers solitary, pendent, terminal but appearing leaf-opposed (or rarely cauliflorous and borne on older wood), with a fruity fragranice, albeit with a slightly fetid component; pedicel 1.0-1.7 cm long, sparsely tomentellous, bearing a lanceolate-ovate to rounded bract near the base to 0.8 cm from the base, 0.50.9 cm long, 0.3-0.5 cm broad, the apex acute to obtuse, the base decurrent along the pedicel, the margins revolute. Sepals triangular, 0.7-0.8 cm long, 0.5-0.7 cm broad, the apex acute, slightly reflexed, the base truncate, tomentellous outside. Petals 6, in 2 subequal imbricate whorls, membranaceous and with venation evident in bud, becoming fleshy and lacking any evident venation at anthesis when fresh, revealing faint venation when NovoN 8: 436-440. 1998. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.128 on Wed, 07 Sep 2016 05:04:21 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Volume 8, Number 4 Schatz 437 1998 New Species of Annonaceae ,,? ?r:: ~ r. r r??

Xylopia panamensis sp. nov. is pro- posed based on material from Santa Rita Ridge and El Llano-Carti road formerly referred to Xylopia bocatorena Schery. The new species differs from X. bocatorena by its rounded leaf base, longer in- dument on the bracts and calyx, smaller flowers, fewer seeds per monocarp, and thus shorter mon- ocarps. Reexamination of Mesoamerican material of Xy- lopia in conjunction with the preparation of a treat- ment of the Annonaceae for the Manual to the Plants of Costa Rica has revealed a previously undescribed species from Colon and San Bias Prov- inces, Panama.

A new species of Annona sect. Atta from the upper altitudinal limit of the Pacific dry forest of Nicaragua and Costa Rica is proposed based upon a distinctive abaxial leaf epidermis. In addition, the analysis of flowers discovered for Annona longipes necessitates its transfer to section Atta. During preparation of treatments of the Annonaceae for the Flora de Nicaragua and the Manual to the Plants of Costa Rica, a new species of Annona L. sect. Atta C. Martius has been identified based on material from Nicaragua and Costa Rica. In addition, recent flowering collections of Annona longipes Saff. from Veracruz, Mexico, reveal its incorrect placement by Safford (1913) in section Pilannona Saff., and indicate its proper placement in section Atta. Annona (section Atta C. Martius) pruinosa Schatz, sp. nov. TYPE: Nicaragua. Carazo: Finca de Minco Cabrales, 700 m al sur del reloj, 18 June 1982 (fl, fr), L. Reyes V. 64 (holotype, MO; isotype, HNMN). Figure 1. A speciebus aliis Annonae sectionis Attae laminis subtus pruinosis differt. Tree to 10 m tall; young branches very sparsely white-tomentose, at length glabrescent. Petiole 0.81.3 cm long, slender, deeply canaliculate, very sparsely tomentose, drying black; lamina chartaceous, elliptic to obovate-elliptic, 6.4-15 cm long, 3.2-8.3 cm broad, the base cuneate to obtuse, the apex acute to rounded, the upper surface glabrous, the lower surface granular pruinose and initially sparsely white-puberulous, at length glabrescent, the venation eucamptodromous with 9-14 secondary veins per side, the primary vein slightly impressed adaxially, prominently elevated and sparsely golden puberulous, as are the slender secondary veins, abaxially. Flowers solitary, terminal but appearing leaf-opposed or supra-axillary by displacement during growth of the renewal shoot; pedicel slender, 1.3-2.4 cm long, to 3.1 cm long, 0.2 cm diam. and becoming rigid in fruit, white-tomentose, bearing a minute bract 0.8-0.9 cm from the base; sepals triangular, 0.2-0.3 cm long, 0.3 cm broad, the apex acute, densely white-tomentose; petals 3 (the outer petal whorl only, the inner whorl absent or at most represented by tiny vestigial petals), fleshy, triquerous, narrowly oblong-elliptic, 1.8-2.4 cm long, 0.5-0.8 cm broad, the apex acute to obtuse, the base concave inside, the outer surface white-sericeous toward the base, becoming sparsely puberulous toward the apex, the inner surface densely tomentose; stamens numerous, 1 mm long, the connective expanded truncate discoid, minutely papillose, yellow, contrasting with the white thecae; carpels 25-36. Fruit syncarpous, subglobose to broadly ovoid, to 4.5 cm long, to 4.5 cm diam., the apex rounded, the surface initially areolate, but then smooth with no evidence of the individual carpels at maturity, green, or light and dark green mottled, initially puberulous, at length glabrescent; seeds flattened ellipsoid-obovoid, to 1.6 cm long, 0.9 cm broad, 0.6 cm thick, the seed coat very thin, smoothreticulate, light brown. Paratypes. COSTA RICA. GUANACASTE: Parque Rinc6n de la Vieja, Hacienda Santa Maria, sendero a las pailas, 10?48'N, 85010'W, 700-800 m, 13 Aug. 1987 (fr), G. Herrera 693 (CR, MO); El Mirador, Rio Negro, 10047'40"N, 85018'35"W, 1 Oct. 1990 (fr), G. Rivera 679 (CR, MO). PUNTARENAS: San Luis, Monteverde, Rio Guacimal, 10016'N, 84?49'W, 700 m, 24 June 1988 (fr), Bello et al. 24 (CR, MO, U), Cant6n de Puntarenas, Monteverde, cliff edge on Pacific slope, Bajo Tigre trail, 10018'N, 84048'W, 900 m, 20 Oct. 1990 (fr), Haber & Zuchowski 10110(CR, MO), 27 Dec. 1991 (fr), Schatz et al. 3230 (MO). NICARAGUA. CHONTALES: ca. 2.8 km above (N of) Cuapa, ca. 12017'N, 85023'W, 400-500 m, 4 Sep. 1977 (fr), Stevens 3634 (HNMN, MO, WIS); 2-3 km NE of Cuapa, 12?17'N, 85?22'W, 400 m, 24 Sep. 1983 (fr), Nee & Sebastian 28486 (HNMN, MO, WIS). BOACO: Las Pitas, carretera a Camoapa (No. 19), 12?28'N, 85?35'W, ca. 400 m, 29 Aug. 1981 (fr), Moreno 10651 (HNMN, MO). Distribution and habitat. Annona pruinosa is known from southern Nicaragua and the Pacific slope of the Tilaran range in northwestern Costa Rica, in moist forest between 400 and 800 m, i.e., the upper altitudinal limit of the Pacific dry forest. The affinities of Annona pruinosa within section Atta lie probably with several Caribbean species (A. urbaniana R. E. Fries, from Haiti; A. praetermissa Fawcett & Rendle, from Jamaica; and A. cubensis NOVON 2: 249-251. 1992. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.124 on Fri, 13 Jan 2017 18:13:08 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

(1) Spatial patterns of the mortality of tropical trees were investigated using maps of four species on an 80 x 80-m site of primary rainforest in Costa Rica. Using new statistical methodology, designed specifically for complete maps of individuals, models of clustering or uniformity were fitted to different size classes, and the relative uniformity of the different size classes compared. The data for the extant juveniles were then used to predict what the extant adult spatial distribution would be given random mortality of the juveniles. The actual adult distribution was compared to this hypothetical distribution to see if they were more or less uniform than predicted. (2) For three of the four species, the spatial models which fit the adults were more uniform than the models which fit the juveniles. The adults of these three species were significantly more uniformly distributed than expected from the random mortality of their extant juveniles. The fourth species had adults with a similar distribution to randomly thinned extant juveniles. (3) Post-germination survival leads toward a uniform distribution. During the lifespan of three of the four species, repulsion occurs between individuals. At small scales, clumping, when present, may be more the result of patchy dispersal of seeds or seedling germination than the patchy survival of germinated individuals.

Patterns in the growth of palms support the hypothesis that stilt roots enable arboreal palms to produce an axis early in their development. The height of stilt roots is positively related to axis diameter for Socratea durissima and Iriartea gigantea. Both species achieve greater heights per unit diameter earlier in development than the non-stilt root species Welfia georgii; however, at maturity all three palms exhibit similar relationships of height and diameter. Stilt root production and axis elongation are more rapid for S. durissima than for I. gigantea. Among immature palms, W. georgii has a greater percent of biomass underground than the stilt root species. Comparing the stilt root species, S. durissima produces a lower percent of leaves but a higher percent of stilt roots than I. gigantea. THE GROWTH OF PALM STEMS iS characterized by a lack of secondary growth, a result of the absence of a vascular cambium. Growth is confined primarily to the apical meristem. The adult diameter is produced by a stepwise process, termed "establishment growth" by Tomlinson and Zimmermann (1966), whereby successive nodes are progressively wider through gradual ontogenetic change. Therefore, the developing axis, devoid of secondary vascular tissue, assumes an obconical shape that is necessarily mechanically unstable. In most arboreal palms (e.g., Welfia and Washingtonia) this instability is obviated by initial development of the axis below ground (Halle et al. 1978). Consequently, arboreal palms spend years locked in the understory as a "rosette" while developing an axis of sufficient diameter to produce a stem capable of arboreal support (Putz 1983). Our intention is to demonstrate that one group of arboreal Arecaceae, the stilt root or iriarteoid palms (Moore 1973), exhibit a fundamentally different growth pattern. The obconical axis begins elongation very early in life, often immediately after germination. As a result, the diameter of the axis increases along the height of the stem. Instability would result were it not for the development of adventitious roots that form a cone of stilt roots. Thus, some arboreal palms may achieve more rapid vertical growth early in development. In order to verify these two different developmental patterns, stilt root versus rosette, we measured growth parameters on palms of different sizes.

Cymbopetalum torulosum G. E. Schatz, sp. nov., known from northeastern Costa Rica and a single location in Pacific western Panama adjacent to the Costa Rica border, is distinguished from the sympatric C. costaricense (Donn. Sm.) R. E. Fries by its strongly torulose monocarps. Populations at the La Selva Biological Station of the Organization for Tropical Studies are found on recent alluvial soils. They flower from February to August, are pollinated by the dynastine beetle Cyclocephala sparsa Arrow, and are dispersed by ochre-bellied flycatchers (Mionectes oleaginea). The species hybridizes with C. costaricense. Se describe y se illustre una especie nueva de Cymbopetalum del nordeste de Costa Rica y de una sola localidad en Panama, cerca de la frontera con Costa Rica al lado del Pacifico. Es muy facil de distinguir C. torulosum de la especie sympatrica C. costaricense por medio de los monocarpos torulosos. Populaciones en la Estacion Biologia La Selva de la Organizacion de Estudios Tropicales se encuentran en suelos recientes alluviales. Ellos florecen de Febrero hasta Agosto, estan polinizadas por el cole6ptero Cyclocephala sparsa y estan dispersadas por el pajaro Mionectes oleaginea. La especie hybride con C. costaricense. Cymbopetalum Bentham is one of the best circumscribed and most easily recognized genera of neotropical Annonaceae. It is characterized by the inner whorl of thick, fleshy, saccate petals. When last revised (Fries, 1931), the genus consisted of nine species ranging from Mexico to Brazil. Since that time, six additional species have been described (Schery, 1941; Fries, 1952, 1956; Lundell, 1974a, 1974b). Another distinctive species has now been discovered at La Selva Biological Station of the Organization for Tropical Studies.