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This study argues that a more attentive focus on the sociohistorical context of Paul's letters can lead to a fruitful theological exploration of Paul's theology that approximates fairly closely some of the key emphases of the Reformed/Lutheran tradition. Though the Reformation tradition of exegeting Paul's letters has properly grasped many of the central themes of Paul's theology, it has often lacked attention to historical particularity and social realism. Yet, a better grasp of the particulars can lead to a richer theological paradigm. As an example, this study examines Gal 2:11–21 with specific attention given to "works of law," "faith of Christ," and "righteousness" in order to demonstrate how one might shift from historical criticism to a theological interpretation within the Reformed/Lutheran tradition.

An important preface to historical Jesus research involves formulating a theory of the transmission of the traditions underlying the Gospels. Scholarship frequently exhibits either an inherent skepticism toward trying to uncover how this tradition was handled or else is saturated with multiple proposals concerning the means of its formation. In any event, important questions to be asked include what purpose the Jesus tradition had in early Christian circles and what factors or controls may have enabled that tradition to be preserved effectively. In this study I address questions of this sort and, with careful qualification, contend that the Jesus tradition probably had a variety of functions in the early church, and there were several reasons why the words and deeds of Jesus may have been consciously preserved.

An account of the physiography of Poole Harbour in relation to the development of Spartina x townsendii agg. marsh has been given in an earlier paper in this series (Bird & Ranwell 1964). The present paper records the conditions of tidal submergence and chlorinity within which Spartina marshlands are found in Poole Harbour and considers how Spartina and other common marsh plants are distributed in relation to these factors. In spite of its lagoon-like appearance (Bird & Ranwell 1964, Fig. 1), Poole Harbour is a tidal estuary where fresh and sea water meet and mix. It is unusual, not only in its shape and in the fact that it is fed by twin rivers (the Piddle and the Frome), but also in the double high water phenomenon of its tides which are a feature of this part of the south English coast. Consequently, Poole Harbour is an estuarine environment of great complexity. A full investigation of the variations of chlorinity in relation to tides and the weather in the harbour would require intensive studies lasting many years, but limited observations at selected sites are of interest in the absence of detailed information, and it was with this in mind that the present survey was carried out. With the exception of the pioneer studies of Green (1940) and Green, Ovington & Madgwick (1952) on the tidal regime, we know of no other basic work on the estuarine environment in Poole Harbour. Nomenclature is in accordance with Clapham, Tutin & Warburg (1962).

The fine structure of the contents of the dorsal esophageal gland and the material exuded from it through the nematode stylet has been examined. The exudate appears to be derived from the breakdown of granules in the ampulla of the dorsal esophageal gland. These granules are synthesized from rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies in the dorsal esophageal gland and passed forward to the ampulla. The exudate consists of a meshwork of particles which coalesce at the periphery of the exudate in water and become granular. The volume of the exudate is considered in relation to normal cells and to the "giant" cells into which it is injected. The stylet exudate produced by females of M. javanica has been shown (Bird, 1968b) to consist of basic protein containing carbohydrate. It does not appear to contain either enzymes or nucleic acids. Thus the "giant" cells which are produced and maintained in the roots of plants by these exudations (Bird, 1961, 1962) are thought to have their metabolism controlled by these histonelike proteins rather than by the direct action of enzymes or messenger RNA. However, as has been stated (Bird, 1968b), the exudate may contain material which could synthesize enzymes when placed into the cytoplasm of the host. In this paper the ultrastructure of both the stylet exudate and the contents of the dorsal esophageal gland are described. MATERIAL AND METHODS Females were dissected from galls in tomato roots and examined with a stereo microscope. Those nematodes that showed stylet activity were removed and either fixed in cold (5 C) 4% phosphate-buffered formaldehyde (pH 7.3) as described for larvae (Bird, 1968a) or left in shallow distilled water in petri dishes for periods of up to 18 hr to permit the formation of a stylet exudate. Great care was taken not to dislodge this exudate. The whole nematode and stylet exudate were fixed in the cold 4% buffered formaldehyde for 24 hr at 5 C, washed and postfixed in 1% Zetterqvist's osmium tetroxide as described previously (Bird, 1968a), and embedded intact. This led to poor fixation of the nematode (Fig. 2) due to impermeability of the cuticle. This had to be Received for publication 22 October 1968. done, however, because disturbances such as cutting off the head region, even after fixation, were enough to cause the exudate to become detached and lost. Females freshly dissected from galls and showing stylet activity were fixed for 30 min, after which their heads were severed and they were fixed for another 30 min as described previously for larvae (Bird, 1968a). Fixation, dehydration, embedding, and sectioning were also done in an exactly similar way. In some cases, however, the initial fixation was with osmium and the postsectional staining was with a 1:1 solution of 1% potassium permanganate: saturated uranyl acetate instead of with Reynold's lead citrate. Living material was examined mounted in distilled water in a sitting drop slide by means of a long focal length condenser and a X 40 water immersion objective (NA 0.75). Photographs were taken with electronic flash using Ilford HP4 film. The sections were examined with a Siemens Elmiskop 1A electron microscope operated at 80 kv and photographs were taken on Ilford special lantern contrasty plates.