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A recent multilaboratory study to investigate phenotypic and genotypic markers for alcoholism is described. A preliminary investigation of the reliability of electroencephalographic data amassed at six laboratories was undertaken; data from each laboratory could be usefully summarized with sample correlation matrices. A graphical method for depicting these correlation matrices is presented. The Larntz-Perlman procedure for assessing the equality of correlation matrices can immediately be incorporated into this graphical technique. The experimental data from the preliminary investigation are illustrated with the graphical method, which readily conveys large amounts of correlational information and reveals meaningful patterns in the electroencephalographic responses.

In the isopod crustaceans Idotea wosnesenskii and I. resecata, the first three pairs of abdominal appendages (pleopods) are locomotory, and the remaining two pairs are respiratory. We investigated the mechanical and morphometric properties of the pleopods in order to study constraints that may influence this division of labor. Measurements of the flexural (bending) stiffness of the pleopods demonstrated that the podites of the first and second pairs of pleopods were generally an order of magnitude stiffer than the fourth and fifth pleopods; the third pleopods were variable in stiffness. Anterior pleopods tend to be slightly thicker and have thicker cuticles, but these morphological differences do not entirely account for differences in flexural stiffness among pleopods; there must also be differences in modulus of elasticity (E). Estimates of E based on these stiffness data yield values in the middle of the range typical of arthropod cuticles. The differences in cuticle thickness and material properties between the anterior and posterior pleopods may help explain why the swimming pleopods do not make a significant contribution to gas exchange. Additional key words: cuticle, gills, stiffness, swimming In this study, our goal has been to investigate the physical and mechanical constraints on the closelylinked swimming and respiratory systems in isopod crustaceans. Much recent research has shown that the mechanical properties of an organism or its parts can have a major influence on the organism's way of life. The mechanical properties encompass both the geometric (morphological) features and the material properties of the structure, and either or both can play a role. For example, Koehl (1977a,b) showed that species of sea anemones from high-current and low-current areas have body walls with essentially the same material properties, but their different geometries give them different mechanical properties. Telewski and Jaffe (1986), comparing the bending resistance of pine trees from sheltered and windy areas, also found differences in mechanical properties due mostly to geometric differences. In contrast, Charters et al. (1969) found differences in both material and geometric properties between specimens of Eisenia (an upright alga) from sheltered and high-current environments. Components of an organism commonly have mula Corresponding author: Dept. of Entomology, 2045 Haworth Hall, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-2106, USA. tiple functions, both primary and secondary. In geckos, the outer layer of skin is loosely attached and has numerous zones of weakness where it can easily be torn (Bauer et al. 1989); when grasped by a predator, large areas of skin can be sloughed off, giving the lizard a b tter chance of escaping. Thus, a predator-escape function has been added to the skin's primary function as an integumentary barrier. Similarly, in isopod crustaceans, the abdominal appendages, or pleopods, are the primary site of gas exchange (McLaughlin 1980; Schram 1986) and ion exchange (Holliday 1988). Many aquatic isopod groups have independently evolved a secondary function for pleopods in which they are used as paddles for swimming (Schram 1986). Early morphological studies (reviewed by McLaughlin 1980) suggested that such swimming isopods, rather than using all pleopods for both functions, display a division of labor among the pleopods. Recent experiments have confirmed that the anterior pleopods are used for swimming and the posterior pleopods act as gills (Alexander 1988; Alexander & Chen 1989). In the present study, we investigated what mechanical requirements of paddles might prevent them from acting as gills, and what physical requirements of gills might prevent them from paddling. Our approach was to measure the flexural stiffness (resistance to lengthThis content downloaded from 207.46.13.52 on Mon, 24 Oct 2016 04:13:10 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Alexander, Blodig, & Hsieh

Extensions to take account of extra-Poisson variability, and to deal with the problem of how to choose an area around the source when little or nothing is known about the distance scale of any possible effect, are reviewed. Techniques for mapping are also briefly reviewed and their relevance to assessing reactive hypotheses is discussed

The lichen (Parmelia chlorochroa) was most abundant in sagebrush and grassland vegetation associations, less so in the pine, and absent in riparian types. It was significantly associated with drier sites and bare ground. Lichens appear to have value in reducing erosion, as indicators of intensive grazing, and in contributing to the nutrient quality of soils. Lichens (Lichenes) are often conspicuous and abundant on rangelands of the Western United States, yet have been ignored by most range managers and researchers when quantifying vegetation. Some published studies have presented cover and/or frequency estimates for lichens (Bear and Hansen 1966, Robinson 1969, Eastman and Jenkins 1970, Pendergast and Boag 1970, Mitchell and Smoliak 1971, Anderson et al. 19X2), but failed to identify them by genus or species. Bear and Hansen (1966) later identified the lichen they encountered on southern Colorado rangelands as Parmelia chlorochroo (R.M. Hansen, pen. comm.). Most published studies about lichens deal with taxonomy and distribution (Wetmore 1967). Lichens have been reported to be an important food of large ungulates (Bergerud 1972) and grouse (Ellison 1966) in northern regions. Reindeer lichens (Cladonia spp.) were considered a low quality food by Bergerud (1972) becausetheycontained only2-6% protein. Lichens have been reported in the diets of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) (Lavaas 1958, Anderson et al. 1965, Wal

Public funding was conceived and has been used to help equalize economic resources and to open up the political system to candidates without ready access to personal funds or to wealthy contributors. Government funds, according to advocates, are an alternative funding system designed to enable candidates and parties to avoid obligations, tacit or expressed, that might go along with dependence on large contributors and special interests. Public matching funds are also intended to enhance the role that small donors play in campaigns and, by opening up the nomination process, to make the system more competitive. Underlying most public-funding systems is the assumption that new or alternative sources of campaign funding are desirable. This is particularly true when state laws limit contributions, as twenty-five now do, or restrict traditional sources, as all but nine do to some degree. The public funds are intended to help provide or in the presidential general-election period to supply all the money serious candidates need to present themselves and their ideas to the electorate. The public funds are also meant to diminish or to eliminate the need for money from wealthy donors and interest groups and thereby minimize opportunities for contributors to exert undue influence on officeholders. In the nomination period, public funding is designed to make the contest for the nomination more competitive and to encourage candidates to broaden their bases of support by seeking out large numbers of relatively small, matchable contributions. The system of public funding of presidential campaigns has operated since 1976, and its consequences have been widely analyzed.' Twenty states also have taxassisted funding of political parties and candidates. Additionally, two citiesSeattle, Washington, and Tucson, Arizona have enacted public financing, as has Sacramento County, California. Seattle, in fact, twice enacted laws. The first, passed in 1978, operated in the 1979 and 1981 elections and lapsed in 1982 when a sunset provision terminated it. The second was enacted in 1984 and was effective for the 1987 elections.2 Much can be learned from these experiences with contribution and expenditure limits, public financing of campaigns, and related laws concerning election financing.