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Isozyme phenotypes for 13 enzyme systems were obtained for both species of Mespilus, as well as for a number of species in related genera of subfam. Maloideae. Comparison of these phenotypes revealed that the two Mespilus species grouped together with isozyme analysis, an interesting observation in view of their wide geographic separation. Similarly, each of the other genera examined displayed its own characteristic isozyme phenotype. These results support the inclusion of M. canescens within Mespilus. The recent discovery and description (Phipps 1990) of a second species of Mespilus L., M. ca- nescens Phipps, endemic to the U.S.A., raises intriguing questions about the systematics and biogeography of the genus. Mespilus has di- verged little from Crataegus L., a much larger genus in the tribe Crataegeae. Mespilus canescens is not only quite distinct from the previously known M. germanica L. but is separated from it by a considerable geographic distance. Mespilus germanica is native to western Asia and south- east Europe whereas M. canescens is only known from one locality in Arkansas, U.S.A. Further data bearing on the systematics of Mespilus would, therefore, be very valuable. This paper presents the results of isozyme analysis con- ducted in the Dept. of Horticultural Science, Cornell University, New York while one of us (JBP) was on sabbatical leave. The pertinent taxonomic situation to date is as follows: Mespilus is not strongly demarcated from Crataegus morphologically. Indeed, until about 1830, species were almost randomly de- scribed in either genus. However, once the con- cept of Mespilus, narrowed to that of its type species, M. germanica, crystallized there has been essential unanimity in the criteria for separat- ing the two genera. Both Mespilus and Crataegus have always been placed in the tribe Crataegeae since its erection by Koehne (1890) and are gen- erally considered closely related. Mespilus with its two species may be distinguished polythet

Isozyme phenotypes of Malus fusca, a native of western North America, differ strik- ingly from those of eastern North American sect. Chloromeles. Isozyme phenotypes vary little between the three taxa recognized within sect. Chloromeles: M. angustifolia, M. coronaria, and M. ioensis. Phe- notypes of seedlings from native taxa did not share diagnostic allozymes with the cultivated apple, M. x domestica, indicating little gene flow from the latter into native Malus. Isozyme patterns do, however, support earlier conclusions based on morphology that M. platycarpa and the flowering cultivar 'Kola' are hybrids of sect. Chloromeles and the domesticated apple, and that M. dawsoniana is a hybrid of the domesticated apple and M. fusca.

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Throughout ten years of professional studies in Paris George Grey Barnard doggedly refused, resisting the pressures of parents and friends, to exhibit any of his work (except in the Beaux Arts Concours) or to have it publicized either abroad or at home. “Any day,” he explained to his mother, midpoint in that period, “I can have half a column in three different Paris papers—but I won't.” Then in May, 1894, at the Salon of the Champs de Mars, the thirty year old American sculptor made his public debut; and with it—the cliche is apt enough—he scored a resounding triumph. Members of the salon jury applauded as they accepted all of his six submitted works. Critics and notables of the art world and of society, seeing his entries given “the best place in the Salon,” applauded also; Rodin himself was greatly impressed. Friends wired his wealthy patron, Alfred Corning Clark: “George great success most discussed man in Paris.” Almost overnight the sculptor became a celebrity (long to remain one), and promptly was a...

In a recent paper, D. R. Floyd proved several results on algebras, each of whose faithful representations is its own bicommutant (=R. M. Thrall's QF-1 algebras, a generaliza- tion of QF-algebras) among which was the theorem in the title for algebras. We obtain our extension of Floyd's result by use of inter- lacing modules, replacing his arguments involving the representa- tions themselves. In (10), Thrall observed that the class of finite-dimensional algebras over which every faithful representation has the double centralizer property (i.e., is its own bicommutant) properly contains the class of quasi-Frobenius ( = QF) algebras. He called the members of the former class QF-1 algebras and posed the intriguing problem of characterizing these algebras in terms of ideal structure. Solutions for this problem have been given for generalized uniserial algebras (5) and for commutative algebras (4). Every faithful module M over a QF ring R has the double centralizer property in the sense that the natural homomorphism X: R--Homc(M, M) (where C= HomR(M, M)) is onto (see (2, ?59)). Thus Thrall's definition and his problem extend naturally to QF-1 artinian rings. In view of recent results on the dominant dimension of an artinian ring (see (1, Theorem 2) or (8, Lemma 9)), the characterization of QF-1 generalized uniserial algebras (and its proof) given in (5) re- mains valid for generalized uniserial rings. In this note we prove the theorem of the title, thus extending a theorem that Floyd proved for finite-dimensional algebras by means of matrix representations (4). It is not difficult to show that a direct sum of rings is QF or QF-1 if and only if so is each of the direct summands. Thus for our purposes we may assume that R is a commutative local artinian ring. Accord- ing to Nakayama's original definition (9, p. 8), such a ring is QF if and only if its R-socle (i.e., its largest semisimple R-submodule) S(R) = S(RR) is simple. We shall prove the theorem by constructing, in the event that S(R) is not simple, a faithful module whose double cen- tralizer has an R-socle larger than that of R. The methods used in this

Most graduates, especially older ones, of collegiate schools of architecture have concocted “plates” as adjuncts to historical studies in their field. Some may even have preserved them, along with other souvenirs of partially misspent youth. These in particular may recall hour after hour squandered at copying cuts from this or that book, usually without troubling, as clean practice would dictate, to specify exactly the sources of borrowing. With varying measures of originality students have composed these lifted details into architectural style samplers; and while nobody, I believe, has ever worked one in cross-stitch, those of the more talented pupils have been smartly rendered in pen-pencil technique, colored crayons or wash. I have known instances when gilt was applied.