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Summary. Two new species of Acanthaceae, Dicliptera minutifolia Ensermu, which is endemic to southern Ethiopia, and Peristrophe teklei Ensermu from Eritrea, Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia and Yemen, are described. Both taxa are illustrated, and their distributions mapped. The pollen morphology of both taxa is also described. also discussed. lateral veins 2(- 3)-paired; petioles 1 - 2(- 3) mm long, densely pubescent. Inflorescences cymes bearing 1 - 2 cymules which terminate short branches; inflorescence peduncles 1 - 22 mm long, pubescent. Inflorescence (secondary) bracts paired, triangular, 1 - 2 x 0.5 - 0.7 mm, pubescent with dense subsessile glandular and some non-glandular hairs. Cymule peduncles 1 - 2 mm long, pubescent. Bracts paired, 0.5 - 1 x 0.2 mm, linear, pubescent with subsessile glandular and some non-glandular hairs. Bracteoles paired, 1.5 - 2 x 0.3 - 0.4 mm, linear, pubescent with subsessile glandular and some non-glandular hairs. Calyx with c. 1 mm long tube, 5-lobed; lobes 3 - 3.5 x 0.4 - 0.5 mm, linear-subulate, pubescent with subsessile glandular and some non-glandular hairs. Corolla white, with purple markings in the lower lip, resupinate, 16.3 - 17.5 mm long; tube 8.6

The species of Strobilanthes Blume in Java are revised and 25 species recognised. A brief history of the genus is given and the generic limits of Strobilanthes discussed. The morphological variation shown both within and between species is documented. Two new species are described (S. afriastiniae J. R. Benn., S. steenisiana J. R. Benn.), new combinations are made for 4 species (S. backeri (Bremek.) J. R. Benn., S. repanda (Blume) J. R. Been., S. stenura (Bremek.) J. R. Benn. and S. S. winckelii (Bremek.) J. R. Benn.) and new names proposed for 3 species (S. autapomorpha J. R. Benn., S. coertii J. R. Benn., S. warburgii J. R. Benn.). Descriptions, distribution maps and a key to the species are presented and several species illustrated.

In preparation for a full, annotated checklist and keys of Bolivian Acanthaceae major taxonomic notes on 28 species of Justicia from Bolivia are presented together with incidental comments on numerous other species. Many of these species occur in the neighbouring countries of Peru, Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. Information is placed in the systematic sequence presented by Graham (1988) and discussion is made with reference to the sections recognised there. 21 new species are described (Justicia adhaerens, J. arcuata, J. beckii, J. chapareensis, J. chuquisacensis, J. dryadum, J. iisraelvargasii, J. kessleri, J. lutensis, J. megalantha, J. mesetarum, J. obovata, J. pluriformis, J. praetermissa, J. rhomboidea, J. squalida, J. steinbachiorum, J. umbricola, J. vernalis, J. yungensis and J. yuyoensis), a new name (J. rubriflora) is coined for Jacobinia glaziovii, two new combinations are made (J. albadenia and J. tenuistachys), subspecies are recognised and described for J. aequilabris, J. boliviana, J. kuntzei and J. tocantina, and J. lilloi is shown to be an extreme variant of J. thunbergioides. The paper is illustrated with line drawings, SEM photos of pollen and a table.

Justicia burkilliana sp. nov. is described from the Abor Hills, Arunachal Pradesh, India. The new species appears to be related to J atkinsonii T. Anders, from the Sikkim Himalaya region.

A taxonomic account of Hemigraphis Nees from the Philippines is provided. A pattern-based species concept is adopted and 18 species of Hemigraphis from the Philippines are recognised. Six species have an extended distribution beyond the Philippine archipelago. Three species are archipelagic endemics and nine species are restricted island endemics. One new species, Hemigraphis zwickeyae, is described from the islands of Luzon and Mindanao.

Summary. Blepharis spinescens and B. thulinii from N Somalia and B. petraea from W Tanzania are described and placed in the context of the author's recent revision of the genus. The ecology of B. petraea is discussed in detail.

A new species of Ruellia, R. pseudopatula Ensermu, from NE Tropical Africa (Ethiopia and Djibouti) and Tropical Asia (Saudi Arabia, Yemen and India), is described. The species is illustrated and its distribution mapped. The relationship of R. pseudopatula, to its closest taxon, R. patula Jacq., is also discussed.

The genus Justicia is the largest and most complex of the Acanthaceae family, and is highly diversified in tropical and subtropical regions of South America. This work revises the species of southern South America based on material from Argentina and Paraguay. The 38 species of Justicia that are found in this region are grouped in 8 sections in relation to their morphological characters, especially inflorescence, flower, capsule, and seed morphology. All the species are described, references to published illustrations are given or they are illustrated for the first time, and a key is provided for their identification. Some had not been reported previously for the region, and their nomenclature includes several new synonymies based on the study of type material. Notes on phenology, habitat, geographic distribution, distinguishing characters, and taxonomic affinities are also given.

We used sequence data from the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nr-ITS) region, both alone and in combination with data from the intron and spacer of the trnL-trnF chloroplast (cp) region, to study phylogenetic relationships within the large tropical and subtropical family Acanthaceae. Substitution rate in the nr-ITS region is nearly twice that of the trnL-trnF cp region, and more than twice the rates of other cp loci that have been sequenced for members of Acanthaceae (i.e., rbcL, ndhF). In terms of phylogenetic relationships, the hypothesis based on ITS was largely congruent with the trnL-trnF results. Exceptions are Crossandra pungens and the two Acanthus species, which are placed enigmatically by nr-ITS data. The combined analysis provides strong support for a single hypothesis of relationships among Acanthaceae sensu stricto (s.s.) and their closest relatives. 1) Elytraria (representing Nelsonioideae) is more distantly related to Acanthaceae s.s. than Thunbergia and Mendoncia. ...

Strobilanthes willisii M. A. Carine sp. nov. S. stenodonti forma habitu similis sed bracteolis in floribus basin spicaram versus praesentibus, pilis stylum retinentibus in excrescentiis papilliformibus duabus inter lobos abaxiales corollae aggregatis, tecto pollinis granae punctato differt. Typus: Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura Distr., Ritigala S. N. R. from Hinukiriyagama, U. Weerasinghe 371 (holotypus PDA; isotypus FHO).

Description of a new species, Rungia camerunensis. It is illustrated and a distribution map is given. Risumi.- Une nouvelle espice de Rungia (Acanthaceae) du Cameroun. Une nouvelle espkce, Rungia camerunensis, est ddcrite. Une illustration et la carte de distribution de l'espkce sont donndes. The paleotropical genus Rungia comprises more than twenty-five species of which ten occur in continental Africa and one, R. rosacea Lindau, is endemic to Madagascar. There has not been any treatment of the African species of the genus since the 'Flore du Gabon' (Heine 1966) and 'Flora of West Tropical Africa' (Heine 1963). Rungia guineensis Heine and R. eriostachya Hua are restricted to western Africa whereas R. schliebenii Mildbr. occurs in eastern Africa. Rungia paxiana (Lindau) C.B.C1. extends from West Africa to Cameroon. Rungia congoensis C.B.C1. is recorded from Niger to Central Africa. Rungia grandis T.Anders. and R. buettneri Lindau are the most widespread in tropical Africa. Rungia caespitosa Lindau from Cameroon and R. dimorpha S.Moore from West Africa are badly known. The new species, R. camerunensis, belongs to the group of small herbaceous somewhat subshrubby species not exceeding 100 cm in height. The closest relative of Rungia is the genus Justicia. The two genera can be distinguished easily when ripe fruits are available. In mature fruits of Rungia, when the upper part of the capsule valves bend away from each other, the placentas and part of the adjacent capsule walls separate from the valves, the placentas rising but remaining attached apically. In most species of Justicia, the fruit is the loculicidally opening two-valved capsule without rising placentas typical in the Acanthaceae. But an intermediate fruit structure was found in the New World Section Leucoloma V.A.W.Graham and the species J. gendarussa Burm.f., in which the placentas rise and separate from the capsule walls (Graham 1988). Hansen (1989) also mentioned several SE Asian species which show this condition. No mention has been made of the presence of this intermediate fruit structure in the African species of Justicia, so the latter and Rungia are easily distinguished. Unfortunately, there is no fruit material available for the new species described here. However, according to Hansen (1989) the two genera can also be distinguished by inflorescence characters with Rungia possessing one 'sterile' (without flower) and one 'fertile bract' (subtending a flower) at each node of the inflorescence, while in Justicia both bracts are 'fertile'. This has been verified in the material studied here which without doubt belongs to the genus Rungia.

Original meiotic chromosome counts are presented for 39 species in 15 genera of Acanthaceae from Belize, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, the United States, and Venezuela. These reports include the first counts for 20 species representing 10 genera of the family, including the first chromosome number documented for the genus Poikilacanthus. Counts for 15 species confirm numbers previously reported for them from different sources. New chromosome numbers are reported in two genera, Carlowrightia (n = 17 in C. pectinata) and Justicia (n = 24 in J. galapagana). New chromosome numbers are also reported in two species of Justicia, J. comata (n = 28) and J. oerstedii (n = 11). Systematic implications of these chromosome numbers are addressed where appropriate. Communicating Editor: Anita Cholewa

The generic delimitation and geographical distribution of the tropical African genus Brillantaisia were brought into question in 1991 when Cramer transferred Plaesianthera (C. B. Clarke) Livera, a Sri Lankan genus, to Brillantaisia, renaming the only species, Plaesianthera thwaitesii (T. Anderson) Livera, as Brillantaisia thwaitesii (T. Anderson) L. H. Cramer. Recent cladistic morphological analysis of the species of Brillanlaisia (Sidwell 1997) suggests that B. thwaitesii is best placed within the genus Hygrophila R. Br., as Heine (1971) proposed, at least until a much needed revision of Hygrophila can be undertaken.

Ruellia L., a pantropical genus with about 225 species, is the second largest genus in the Acanthaceae (Long 1970). Although centred in the New World tropics, it also has many representatives in the Old World. Studies of the genus Ruellia L. for the Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea have resulted in the recognition of ten species in the Flora area, one of which is new to science. This is described below. Pollen size was measured after acetolysis (Erdtman 1960). Scanning electron micrographs are based on unacetolysed pollen material.

The genus Justicia (Linnaeus 1753), is the largest in the Acanthaceae and contains over 600 species (Graham 1988). Graham dealt with the delimitation and infrageneric classification of the genus and subdivided it into 16 sections and 7 subsections. She placed the Old World species of the genus into 7 sections but J sect. Rostellaria (Nees) Lindau subsect. Ansellia (C. B. Clarke) V. A. W. Graham has been reinstated at sectional level as J sect. Ansellia C. B. Clarke (Ensermu Kelbessa 1990). This section, as well as section Justicia, is confined to Africa. 33 species of Justicia L. have so far been recorded in the Ethiopian Flora area. Two are endemic, eleven occur in Ethiopia and in one or two of the neighbouring countries (mostly Somalia), and the rest are more widespread. In this paper a new species, J bizuneshiae Ensermu belonging to sect. Tyloglossa (Hochst.) Lindau is described. It is endemic to southern and south-western Ethiopia. Pollen size measurements were based on acetolysed pollen (Erdtman 1960). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs originated from unacetolysed material. Pollen morphological terminology largely follows Erdtman (1952) and Punt et al. (1994). The abbreviations of herbaria follow Holmgren et al. (1990).

Five new taxa from Central America, Anisacanthus nicaraguensis (compound dichasial cymes, 4-merous red corollas, 3-colporate pollen), Aphelandra scabra var. angustifolia (narrowly elliptic leaves), Justicia cauliflora (some inflorescences on old wood, lanceolate bracts, greenish white corolla), J. chiriquiensis (cymose panicles, oblanceolate bracts, 4-porate pollen), and J. nicaraguensis (clusters of 2-3 flowers to short spikes, corollas orange, dicolporate pollen), are described. The new combination Justicia rothschuhii (Lindau) Durkee, based on Chaetothylax rothschuhii Lindau, is made, and the new name Justicia danielii Durkee, which replaces Chaetothylax cuspidatus D. N. Gibson, is provided. In preparation of the family treatment of Acanthaceae for the Flora de Nicaragua and Flora Mesoamericana, examination of recent collections has revealed four new species and one new variety. In each case these taxa were collected from areas that have not been well collected in the past. Also, as the result of combining Chaetothylax with Justicia (Graham, 1988), two Central American species of the former genus must now be transferred to the latter. Anisacanthus nicaraguensis Durkee, sp. nov. TYPE: Nicaragua. Departamento Estelf: "Kukamonga," 18.5 m N of Estelf, 13014'N, 86021'W, elev. ca. 850 m, 19 Jan. 1985, Pedro P Moreno 25325 (holotype, MO; isotype, CAS). Figures 1, 6A. Frutex ad 3 m. Folia ovata, 27-75 mm longa, 9-25 mm lata, apice acuminato, basi acuta ad obtusa; petiolis ad 27 mm. Inflorescentiae spiciformes secundae vel cymae compositae sine floribus basibus; bracteae lineares-subulatae, 3.5-4.5 mm longae. Corollae rubrae, 4-merae, 33-35 mm longae. Fructus clavati, 15-17 mm longi, glabri, seminibus 4. Shrub to 3 m tall. Young stem quadrate-fluted, glabrous except for puberulence at the nodes; older stems subquadrate or terete, brown epidermis shredding in long strips. Leaves ovate, blades 2775 mm long, 9-25 mm broad, apically acuminate, basally acute to obtuse, margins entire to crenulate, glabrous, cystoliths to ca. 0.2 mm long, abundant and plainly visible on both surfaces of dried leaves; petioles to 27 mm long, glabrate. Inflorescences basically compound dichasial cymes lacking the central or basal flower, to 2.5 cm long, inflorescence branches sometimes appearing as secund spikes, rachises minutely puberulent with hairs ca. 0.1 mm long plus occasional, slightly longer glandular hairs; bracts and bracteoles linear-subulate, 3.54.5 mm long, 0.3-0.4 mm broad at base, sparingly puberulent. Flowers with short pedicels 0.5-1.5 mm long; calyx 5-merous, 11-15 mm long, segments equal, deeply divided, long subulate, 9-13 mm long, glandular-puberulent; corollas red, 4merous, 33-35 mm long, puberulent outside, upper lip single-lobed, 29 mm long, 0.8-0.9 mm broad, lower lip 3-lobed, lobes 15-17 mm long, 2.5-3 mm broad, apically acute; stamens 2, exserted, filaments to 33 mm long, attached near base of corolla, glabrous, anthers bithecous, thecae parallel, equal, 3.6-3.8 mm long, pollen prolate, 50-55.3 X 27.229 ~tm, 3-colporate, pseudocolpi on either side of each pore, insulae lacking; style to 42 mm long, extending beyond stamens, stigma bilobed. Fruit a clavate capsule, 15-17 mm long, 5.8-6.9 mm broad, glabrous, tuberculate, stipe 6-8 mm long; seeds 4, 5.8-6.5 mm long, 4.4-5.1 mm broad, glabrous, margins conspicuously thickened. Habitat, distribution, and phenology. Anisacanthus nicaraguensis is known only from the type collected in flower and fruit in January. The collection area, Cuesta de Kukamonga, is a mesa that has been collected repeatedly in recent years, leading W. D. Stevens of MO to conclude that the plant is rare in this generally arid area that, he told me, has resulted from an old basaltic lava flow now eroded into a series of mesas, flat-topped hills, or mountains with steep slopes. The soil that overlies the basalt is thin and black. He also related that the area has a distinctive vegetation dominated by Agave, columnar cacti, thorny shrubs, and small trees, with occasional oaks where the soil is a little deepNovoN 9: 503-510. 1999. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.104 on Mon, 20 Jun 2016 06:38:14 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

Summary. The monotypic genus Cynarospermum, based on Blepharis asperrima from India, is described. The new genus, belonging to subfam. Acanthoideae, is compared with Blepharis, its closest relative.

Oviposition behavior and use of host plants by populations of Anthanassa ardys and A. tulcis (Nymphalidae: Melitaeinae) were investigated in two different habitats near Monteverde, Costa Rica. We observed oviposition behavior and collected egg clusters for experimental rearings. To explore their diet breadth, both species were reared on nine locally growing plant species in the Acanthaceae, including Hypoestes phyllostachya, a naturalized exotic from Africa. A. ardys oviposited in nature on four acanth species (Dicliptera unguculata, Hypoestes phyllostachya, Justicia valerii, and Pseuderanthemum cuspidatum) and was reared with varied success on eight species. A. tulcis oviposited on two acanth species (Dicliptera unguiculata and Hypoestes phyllostacya), and was reared successfully on seven. Though both species laid eggs on Hypoestes (5 of 14 egg clusters found), neither species successfully completed development on this plant. This oviposition “mistake” might be explained by the fact that Anthanassa butterflies have only recently been exposed to this plant. Two other butterfly species, Anartia fatima and Siproeta epaphus, known to use Acanthaceae as host plants, were also unsuccessful in completing development on Hypoestes. Neither species was observed to oviposit on Hypoestes in nature.

Summary. The genus Neuracanthus is divided into 3 sections; 30 species are recognised, with a further 5 subspecies and 3 varieties. From tropical Asia (India to Vietnam) 4 species and one subspecies are recognised, all referred to sect. Neuracanthus which also has two species in north and northeast Africa. From Madagascar 6 species (3 newly described) are recognised, all of which are referred to sect. Didymosperma in which a further 6 species (1 described as new) from continental Africa are also included. The remaining 12 species (2 newly described) are referred to sect. Leucobarleria and are characteristic of the dry areas of northeastern tropical Africa and southern Arabian Peninsula. Many species appear to be very local and are poorly known. While the genus is clearly defined, its relationships to other genera and its position within the Acanthaceae are obscure.

Two new species of Asystasia are described; A. richardsiae which is endemic to Tanzania and A. albiflora which is more widespread and occurs in Tanzania, Zaire and Zambia. Both taxa are illustrated and their distribution mapped. Comparison of the two new taxa is also made with species that are considered most closely related to each, i.e. A. glandulosa Lindau and A. gangetica (L.) T. Anderson, respectively.

The pollen morphology of 14 species, 6 subspecies and 4 varieties of Neuracanthus Nees is described and illustrated with light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The pollen is oblate to prolate spheroidal, 3-colporate, tectate fine perforate. It is distinguished by its lack of distinctive features, unusual within the highly eurypalynous family Acanthaceae. The pollen is unlike that of the suggested relatives of Neuracanthus. The genus appears to be palynologically isolated within the family, with relatively unspecialized pollen.

Three taxa of Asystasia, the naming of which has been confused, occur in Peninsular Malaysia. None is native. A. nemorum Nees (syn. A. intrusa Blume, non (Forssk,) Nees) from Java has only been collected from Penang and Singapore. A. gangetica (L.) T. Anderson is widespread and is represented by two subspecies: a large-flowered taxon, subsp. gangetica (syn. A. coromandeliana Nees) which is a long-established introduction from India and a small-flowered taxon, subsp. micrantha (Nees) Ensermu (syn. A. intrusa (Forssk.) Nees) which is a recent introduction, probably from Africa. A key to the three taxa in Malaysia is provided.

Current research by the author on the Acanthaceae treatment for the Flora of Ecuador has resulted in the recognition of a new species from Amazonian Ecuador and Peru. Razisea ericae is de- scribed, illustrated, and compared with its closest relatives in Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia. Razisea Oersted is a New World genus of six spe- cies, most of which are endemic to Costa Rica. The genus is characterized by a shortly 2-lobed corolla with an entire upper lip and a lower lip that is barely distinct from the corolla tube. The anthers are monothecate and the pollen is spheroidal, bi- porate, and echinulate with the sculpturing between the spines densely granulate (Fig. 2).

Appreciation of both the perilous state of much of the natural vegetation of Madagascar, one of the most important global centres of biodiversity, and of the urgent need for conservation of remaining areas of undisturbed vegetation has resulted in a large recent increase in botanical exploration of the island. This has resulted in the collection of numerous species new to science as well as many new collections of already-described species. In the Acanthaceae this has meant that many of the generic accounts in the only volume (out of an estimated three) of this family published for Flore de Madagascar (Benoist 1967) have become increasingly out of date. The new material includes many new species, adding to the already rich flora, but also provides material for reconsideration of published species, sometimes leading to a reduction in the number of species recognised. This paper results from the author's increasing frustration at being unable to name adequately an ever-growing number of specimens of the very distinct and conspicuous genus Crossandra. Benoist (1967), in the only previous revision of all the Madagascan species, recognised 16 species. In the present account 8 new species are added, and the existing species are reconsidered resulting in one new combination and the resurrection of one species previously reduced to synonomy. The present paper is a natural continuation of the author's work on the African species of Crossandra (Vollesen 1990a, 1990b), but no attempt has been made to group the Madagascan species into sections as was done (Vollesen 1990b) for the African species. Some of the Madagascan species fall easily within these same sections but others do not. A complete key to all African and Madagascan species with a reconsideration and redefinition of the sections of Vollesen (1990b) will be the object of a future paper.

Summary. Barleria L. is a large, pantropical genus of herbs and shrubs, the satisfactory subdivision of which has long been problematic. This paper proposes a new classification of Barleria into 2 subgenera (Barleria and Prionitis) and seven sections (Barleria, Chrysothrix, Cavirostrata, Fissimura, Stellatohirta, Somalia and Prionitis). Of the seven sections, two (Prionitis and Somalia) are retained much as previously circumscribed, although new characters are used to delimit them; section Barleria is retained partially as previously circumscribed, but with two groups previously included in it removed and elevated to sectional status (as Fissimura and Stellatohirta) in subgenus Prionitis; the remaining two sections (Cavirostrata and Chrysothrix) are described anew. Approximately 240 of the 300 described species were studied in detail. The most important sources of taxonomically useful characters included the basic configuration of the corolla, structure of the stigma, composition of the androecium, form and structure of the capsules, presence or absence of beaks on the capsules, composition of the septum in the capsules and the number of seeds.

A new species, Stenandrium stenophyllum, is described and illustrated. It is related to S. hatschbachii Wasshausen but differs markedly from that taxon by its 3-verticillated leaves with narrow, linear-lanceolate blades. Both species are known only from Grao-Mogol, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Stenandrium is a genus of perennial herbs and subshrubs with about 70 species that occur in tropical America and Africa, including Madagascar (Vollesen, 1992). In Brazil there are about 16 species, most of which grow in grasslands and savanna-like vegetation. During work on the floristic inventory of the "Campos Rupestres" vegetation in Grao-Mogol, Minas Gerais, coordinated by the Universidade de Sno Paulo, a new species of Stenandrium that shows close affinities to S. hatschbachii Wasshausen was found. Stenandrium stenophyllumn Kameyama, sp. nov. TYPE: Brazil. Minas Gerais: Grao-Mogol, Estrada para CristAlia a ca. 800 m da ponte sobre o rio Itacambirugu, ca. 750 m alt., 16o36'S 42055'W, 14 jun. 1990 (fl, fr), A. A. Oliveira, D. C. Zappi, J. R. Pirani & R. Simdo-Bianchini CFCR 12982 (holotype, SPF; isotypes, K, MBM, RB, US). Figures 1, 2. A S. hatschbachii Wasshausen cuj affinis sed foliis 3-verticillatis, linear-lanceolatis vel linearibus vel linearfalciformibus differt. Caulescent subshrub 0.4-1.5 m tall, erect to decumbent. Stems terete, densely pubescent with white trichomes, 0.20-0.25 mm long. Leaves whorled, 3 at each node, sessile to subsessile, coriaceous, the blades linear-lanceolate to linear, sometimes linear-falcate, 3.5-6.0 cm long, 2-5 mm broad, attenuate at base, obtuse to acute at apex, sometimes acuminate or shortly mucronate, the upper surface dark green, sparsely and inconspicuously puberulous with very short eglandular trichomes, the lower surface paler green, inconspicuously puberulous with eglandular and glandular trichomes, the margin revolute. Inflorescence of terminal and subterminal spikes to 2.5 cm long, the spikes sessile or borne on peduncles to 6 mm long, pubescent like the stems, except with trichomes shorter (i.e., 0.15 mm long); the flowers opposite along the spike axis; bracts subulate, 4-6 mm long, 0.5 mm broad, pubescent like the leaves; bracteoles subulate, 4 mm long, 0.5 mm broad, pubescent like the leaves, calyx deeply lobed, 5-7 mm long, the lobes lanceolate, 1.2 mm wide, very sparsely pubescent; corolla whitish lilac to purple-red, 9-12 mm long, the tube 5-6 mm long, the upper lip pale pink to white, the lobes 3 mm long, the lower lip dark purple, the central lobe 5-5.5 mm long, the lateral lobes 4.2-4.8 mm long, stamens 1.3-1.7 mm long; a thers 1.1 mm long; pollen grains tricolpate, prolate, 49.4 x 33.5 /.m, exine tectate-perforate, colpi membranes sparsely granulate; style filiform, stigma subclavate, asymmetrical. Capsule ellipsoid, 1.2 cm long, inconspicuously puberulous; seeds laterally flattened, semi-elliptic in outline, 3 mm long, 2 mm wide, densely pubescent with long, appressed trichomes bearing minute lateral barbs. Stenandrium stenophyllum is closed allied to S. hatschbachii (Wasshausen, 1990): both species have similar inflorescences and flowers, but S. hatschbachii can be easily distinguished by the opposite, broader (9-14 mm broad), lanceolate to oblong leaves. In contrast, the leaves of the new species are 3-verticillate, linear-lanceolate to linear, 2-5 mm broad. Both species grow among shrubs and small trees in dense and drier vegetation on sandy soils with rocky outcrops. Both species have been collected only in Grao-Mogol. Paratype. BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Grio-Mogol, vale do Rio Itacambirugu, ao longo da estrada para Cristilia, 10 Nov. 1989, J. R. Pirani, P T Sano, T R. S. Silva & A. Freire-Fierro CFCR 12420 (SPF). Acknowledgments. I am grateful to M. A. CruzBarros and the staff of the Segao de Dicotiled~neas, Instituto de Botanica de Sao Paulo for help with the NovoN 6: 268-270. 1996. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.191 on Tue, 11 Oct 2016 04:54:11 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Volume 6, Number 3 Kameyama 269 1996 Stenandrium stenophyllum from Brazil

The genus Brachystephanus was described by Nees (1847), based on B. lyallii from Madagascar. Since then, several species have been described and the most recent (Champluvier 1994) brought the total number of names to fifteen. Brachystephanus has not been revised previous to this study. The genus was treated for Flora of Tropical Africa (Clarke 1899), Flora of West Tropical Africa (Hutchinson & Dalziel 1931; Heine 1963), Flore du Gabon (Heine 1966) and Flore du Rwanda (Champluvier 1985). The species from Central and East Africa have not been revised since Clarke's (1899) account. Brachystephanus has not been treated for Flore de Madagascar, where only part of the Acanthaceae has been published (Benoist 1967). A considerable number of collections from that island remained undetermined.

Sciaphyllum amoenum has been known solely from cultivated plants of unknown or- igin. This species exhibits all of the diagnostic characteristics of Streblacanthus but is not conspe- cific with any previously described species of that genus. The cultivated specimens, including the type, of S. amoenum correspond to an undescribed series of collections from Peru. Thus the species is transferred to Streblacanthus, and its place of origin can be established. Streblacanthus amoenus is com- pared with the other species of this genus of Amer- ican plants. Streblacanthus boliviensis is considered to be a synonym of S. dubiosus.

Various changes in rank are made in Acanthaceae in connection with the forthcoming account for Flora of Ceylon. Two Sri Lankan varieties of Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees var. axillaris Trimen and var. crocea Trimen are raised to subspecific rank, the latter as subsp. arida, nom. nov. The genus Indoneesiella Sreem. is reduced to subgeneric rank within Andrographis Wall. ex Nees. Rungia latior Nees is reduced to subspecific rank within Rungia longifolia Nees.

Following its original description, which was accompanied by an illustration in the Flora Brasiliensis (Nees 1847a), Eurychanes verbasciformis Nees has remained in obscurity for almost 150 years. The monotypic genus Eurychanes, together with ten other genera recognized by Nees and classified in the Acanthaceae tribe Ruellieae by him (1847a, b), were all included in the genus Ruellia by Bentham (1876) (see Ezcurra 1993, for a summary of the complex taxonomic history of Ruellia). However, Eurychanes verbasciformis was never formally combined, perhaps because Bentham was unable to examine any material of this species. Lindau (1895) followed Bentham and also treated Eurychanes as a synonym of Ruellia, but likewise did not publish the new combination for the species. Modern taxonomic works on neotropical Ruellia species (Daniel 1995, Ezcurra 1993) accept the taxonomic delimitation of Ruellia that includes Eurychanes, but as these cover Mexico and southern South America, they do not treat this particular species.With the recent rediscovery of populations of this species in Central Brazil, the need to make a new combination arises

In the account of Strobilanthes Blume for the Flora of Ceylon the traditional broad view of the genus has been maintained and Bremekamp's attempt to divide it into numerous small genera has been rejected. This paper discusses some of the problems involved in attempting to define the segregate genera into which Strobilanthes was divided and discusses Leptacanthus, Mackenziea, Pseudostenosiphonium and Nilgirianthus in particular. Three new species are described: S. aurita from Southern India, S. hypericoides and S. pentandra from Ceylon, the latter a remarkable plant with five fertile stamens, anomalous in Acanthaceae as well as in Strobilanthes. The new names S. habracanthoides and S. anamallaica are coined for S. paniculata sensu T. Anderson and S. adenophora sensu Bedd. The infraspecific classification of S. sexennis is described and a key provided to distinguish the eight recognized varieties. Varieties are also described and discussed for S. diandra, S. rhamnifolia and S. walkeri. SEM photographs of pollen and illustrations of the new species are included.

A new species of Justicia with heteromorphic bracts, J. nevlingii, is described from southern Mexico. The species is compared to two other heteromorphically bracted species from Mexico and Central America, J. chol and J. costaricana. It differs from these in several features, including its 4-aperturate pollen. In 1974, Larry Nevling of the Field Museum of Natural History called to the attention of the senior author an unusual collection of Acanthaceae from Veracruz representing an unknown species. Other collections resembling this species from Veracruz and Chiapas have since been assembled and studied. They are described below as a new species of Justicia with heteromorphic bracts. Justicia nevlingii Wasshausen & T. F. Daniel, sp. nov. TYPE: Mexico. Veracruz: Hidalgotitlan, 0-2 km del Plan de Arroyo-Alvaro Obreg6n, 17001'N, 94?40'W, 14 Apr. 1974, J. Dorantes et al. D-2799 (holotype, US; isotype, F). Figures 1, 2. Herba perennis usque ad 1.5 m alta. Folia petiolata, laminae ovatae, 6.5-18.5 cm longae, 3-10.4 cm latae. Spicae terminales et axillares, densae, pedunculis et rhachidibus dense pilosis. Bracteae heteromorphae; bracteae fertiles petiolatae, obovatae vel ellipticae, 5.5-12 mm longae, 2.7-6.5 mm latae; bracteae steriles lineares-lanceolatae vel lineares vel subulatae, 2-5 mm longae, 0.30.5 mm latae. Calyx 5-lobus. Corolla alba vel flavida vel cremea, 9-10 mm longa, extus pubescens trichomatibus eglandulosis. Thecae antherarum 2, superpositae, glabrae, theca inferiore basi calcarata; pollen 4-apertum. Capsula 7-8.5 mm longa, pilosa. Semina 2. Erect, perennial herbs to 1.5 m tall. Stems subquadrangular, quadrifariously pilose with trichomes eglandular, appressed and spreading, 0.72 mm long, multi-septate with maroon septae. Leaves petiolate, petioles 1.5-7.2 cm long, densely pilose, blades ovate to elliptic, 6.5-18.5 cm long, 3-10.4 cm wide, short-acuminate at apex, obtuse or rounded to subattenuate at base, entire to sinuate, upper surface glossy, sparingly pilose with trichomes appressed, lower surface more densely pilose (especially the central and lateral veins) with trichomes appressed and spreading, to 1 mm long. Inflorescence of (axillary and) terminal dense panicles of spikes to 15 cm long and 1.5-4.4 cm diam., erect or ascending, rachises densely pilose with trichomes sordid, erect, to 1 mm long. Floral bracts heteromorphic; fertile bracts petiolate, obovate to elliptic, 5.5-12 mm long, 2.7-6.5 mm wide, acute to truncate-apiculate at apex, abaxial surface pubescent with antrorse-appressed eglandular trichomes 0.10.5 mm long and glandular trichomes to 0.2 mm long, margin ciliate with cauline type trichomes; sterile bracts linear-lanceolate to linear to subulate, 2-5 mm long, 0.3-0.5 mm wide. Bracteoles oblanceolate, 4-9 mm long, 1.2-2.2 mm wide. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, 3-5 mm long, lobes lanceolate, 2.54 mm long, 0.5-0.6 mm wide, puberulous. Corolla white to yellowish to cream, 9-10 mm long, externally pubescent with eglandular trichomes 0.2-0.5 mm long; tube 5-5.5 mm long, 0.8 mm diam. at base, 3 mm diam. at apex; limb 2-lipped, upper lip erect, rugulate, ovate-lanceolate, 3-4.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, 2-lobed at apex, lobes ca. 0.25 mm long and wide, rounded, lower lip ? spreading, 3lobed, 3.5-6 mm long, 3 mm wide at base of lobes, lobes obovate, 1.2-1.5 mm long, 1.2-1.5 mm wide, rounded at apex. Stamens inserted near apex of corolla tube, 4 mm long, filaments glabrous, thecae superposed, glabrous, upper theca ca. 1 mm long, lower thecae ca. 0.8 mm long, calcarate with blunt appendage ca. 0.3 mm long; pollen prolate 4-aperturate, apertures flanked on each side by a + continuous band of exine and a pseudocolpus (Fig. 2); 2 staminode-like protrusions of corolla present near base of filaments, 0.4-1.2 mm long, densely villous. Style 6.5-7 mm long, glabrous, stigma 0.2-0.3 mm long. Capsules 7-8.5 mm long, pilose. Seeds 2, NovoN 5: 114-117. 1995. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.176 on Mon, 20 Jun 2016 05:36:11 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Volume 5, Number 1 Wasshausen & Daniel 115 1995 Justicia nevlingii

In my revision of Justicia sect. Ansellia (Ensermu Kelbessa 1990), I expressed doubt as to the affinities of a specimen (Gillett, Beckett & Watson 23230, K) collected in Somalia, which did not match any of the known taxa of the section. Because of insufficient material I decided merely to mention this collection under one of the twelve species of the section, and to leave it undescribed until more collections became available. In May 1990, when the revision of Justicia sect. Ansellia was in press, Dr. M. Thulin and others collected more material and took photographs which clearly show it to be a new species which is described below.

The pollen morphology of Streptosiphon hirsutus Mildbr. is described and illustrated with light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The pollen is isopolar, prolate to subprolate, 3-colpate, with a triangular outline in polar view and a rectangular outline in equatorial view. The surface is perforate on the apices of the mesocolpia, and perforate and fossulate towards the apertures. On each apocolpium is a triangular depression with a granular protuberance at the pole. The exine stratification is complex and is believed to be unique to this species. At each mesocolpial apex of the grain is a double arcade of columellae, separated by a cavea. The foot layer is discontinuous. The endexine is highly fractionated and lamellated at the colpi. The pollen morphology confirms the position of Streptosiphon as a separate genus within the Acantheae and suggests affinities with Crossandra Salisbury and Crossandrella C. B. Clarke.

This paper has arisen out of the need to clear up some loose ends left over by the author when revising Ecbolium. At that time (Vollesen 1989: 680) E. striatum and E. striatum var. minor, two Socotran taxa, were excluded from Ecbolium. A decision about their correct position was considered outside the scope of that paper, and it is only now, with the acquisition of new material of key taxa, that it has been possible to resolve this problem.

As a result of the current general inventory of the flora of Costa Rica, six new species of Acanthaceae are described. Three, Justicia aurantiimutata, J. deaurata, and J. peninsularis, are known only from the Osa Peninsula, or nearby. The other three, Habracanthus tilaranensis, Kalbreyeriella rioquebradasiana, and Razisea villosa, are more widespread but still known only from Costa Rica. Collections from relatively well known regions of the tropics, even of easily collected habit types, continue to reveal novelties. In spite of the recency of floristic treatments for the Acanthaceae of Costa Rica and Panama (Durkee, 1978, 1986), numerous additions have since come to light for the region (cf. Daniel, 1993; Daniel & Wasshausen, 1990; G6mezLaurito, 1990; G6mez-Laurito & Grayum, 1991). Three of the six Costa Rican species described below are red-flowered, road or trailside subshrubs of welltraveled areas. The other three are from the longisolated and little-explored Osa Peninsula and have lavender, yellow, or green flowers. Habracanthus tilaranensis G6mez-Laurito, sp. nov. TYPE: Costa Rica. Puntarenas: Esparza, Peias Blancas Refugio de Vida Silvestre, 10?07'50"N, 84?40'25"W, 1,000-1,400 m, 30 Nov. 1986 (fl, fr), G. Herrera et al. 292 (holotype, CR; isotype, MO). Figure 1. Species combinatione foliorum lanceolatorum, inflorescentiarum paniculatarum, 25 cm x 8 cm, corollarum bilabiatarum, flavarum apice rubro, fructuum pilosorum a congeribus distinguenda. Suffruticose shrubs 1-4 m tall, internodes 2-2.5 cm long, sparsely pubescent. Petioles 3-8 cm long, glabrous. Lamina lanceolate, 13-17 cm long, 57.3 cm wide, acuminate at the tip, long attenuate at base, glabrous on both surfaces with ca. 10 pairs of arcuate secondary nerves, margin entire. Inflorescence paniculate, terminal, many-flowered, ca. 25 cm long and 8 cm wide. Peduncles of the panicle NOVON 4: 350-361. 1994. about 10 cm long, quadrangular, short pilose. Branches to 3 cm long, flattened, short puberulous with intermixed glandular and non-glandular trichomes. Secondary branches to 1 cm long. Tertiary branches to 5 mm long. Pedicels 2-3.5 mm long, hirsute with intermixed glandular and non-glandular trichomes. Bracts 1.5-2.5 cm long, ovate, short acuminate at tip, almost sessile. Bracteoles minute, subulate, ca. 1 mm long. Calyx 5-merous, segments lanceolate, 3-5.5 mm long, short puberulous with scattered glandular trichomes, undivided portion 0.5 mm long, swollen. Corolla bilabiate, arched in bud, straight in anthesis, 11 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, yellow with red tip, sparsely pubescent (eglandular), expanded just above the tube; tube 4 mm long, 1.3 mm wide; throat 2.5 mm diam.; upper lip 1.5 mm long, straight, acute; lower lip 3-lobulate, lobules ca. 1 mm long, acute. Stamens 2, exserted to 6 mm longer than the corolla; filaments flattened, glabrous; anthers dorsifixed, longitudinally dehiscent, locule 2 mm long; pollen spheroidal, ca. 40 um diam. (Fig. 7A). Ovary glabrous, attached on a basal disc; disc 0.8 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, glabrous. Style exserted to 6 mm longer than the corolla, glabrous; stigma simple, capitate. Fruits claviform, 1 cm long, pilose (eglandular), acute at the tip; retinacula acute. Seeds elliptic, 2 mm long, 1.2 mm wide, truncate at the base, pale yellow, papillose throughout. Habitat and distribution. Known only from moist forest at mid elevations on the Pacific slope of the Cordillera de Tilaran. Paratypes. COSTA RICA. Guanacaste: Abangares, El Dos, 10?22'N, 84054'W, 900 m, 19 Oct. 1986 (fl), Haber & Bello 5996 (CR, MO). Justicia aurantiimutata Hammel & GomezLaurito, sp. nov. TYPE: Costa Rica. Puntarenas: Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce, Cant6n de Osa, camino nuevo entre Rancho Quemado y Drake, 08?43'N, 83?36'W, 100-350 m, 7 Feb. 1991 (fl, fr), Hammel et al. 18074 (holotype, CR; isotypes, ARIZ, CAS, INB, MO). Figure 2. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.126 on Sat, 24 Sep 2016 04:54:38 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Volume 4, Number 4 1994 G6mez-Laurito & Hammel New Costa Rican Acanthaceae Species

During fieldwork on the Rondo Plateau, Lindi District, Tanzania in 1991 four collections were made of Streptosiphon hirsutus, a monotypic genus which was previously known from only two collections. These collections were all made within an area of a few square kilometres and, as far as can be ascertained, in the same area where the first two collections were made. This new material includes fruit and seeds, and has made it possible to produce a more detailed description and to make a more qualified evaluation of the affinities of this extraordinary plant. The peculiar corolla morphology immediately makes this plant stand out. The corolla (Fig. IF) has an entire or very indistinctly lobed ventral lip and no dorsal lip. The lip, however, at first sight appears to be dorsal because the corolla tube is twisted 1800 lengthwise. Furthermore, only the tip of the corolla limb protrudes above the large bracts (Fig. 1A) making the corolla look rather like the periscope of a submarine appearing above the surface.

Meiotic chromosome numbers were determined for 36 species representing 15 genera of Acanthaceae from Jamaica, Mexico, and Panama. Chromosome numbers of 21 species are reported for the first time including the initial reports for two genera, Oplonia (n = 21) and Streblacanthus (n = 18). Based on chromosome numbers and morphological characters, three distinctive groups of New World Justicieae: Odontoneminae are delimited. A primitive basic number of x = 7 is probable for the family. The Acanthaceae are a large, pantropical fam- ily that has only recently begun to receive con- centrated systematic analyses at both floristic and monographic levels. The proportionally large number of acanthaceous genera, includ- ing an abundance of unispecific genera, with respect to the number of species in the family is well documented (Gentry 1973, table 1; Wal- ters 1961). Previous studies of chromosome numbers in American Acanthaceae have been useful both in understanding relationships among genera and in reassessing the status of some of the unispecific genera. This paper is the third in a series of contri- butions on chromosome numbers of New World Acanthaceae. In the previous two papers (Dan- iel et al. 1984, 1990) chromosome numbers were determined for 80 species in 26 genera. Al- though we report chromosome numbers for species from Panama and Jamaica in this paper, our geographic emphasis has been, and contin- ues to be, concentrated on species occurring in Mexico. With more than 350 native and natu- ralized species in some 50 genera representing each of the four subfamilies (Acanthoideae, Mendoncioideae, Nelsonioideae, and Thunber- gioideae) traditionally recognized within the Acanthaceae, Mexico is the major center of di- versity for this family in North and Central America (Daniel, in press a).

A new Brazilian species of the genus Aphelandra is described and illustrated. It is related to Aphelandra ignea but differs markedly from that taxon by its leaf blades and the ovate to spathulate bracts with 4-5 spines on the margin. Aphelandra is represented in Brazil by 28 species. They occur from the Floresta Amazonica to the Floresta Atlan- tica. Aphelandra R. Brown is a morphologically di- verse genus characterized by a lack of cystoliths, a corolla with a distinct upper lip, four monothecous stamens, and elongated, tricolporate pollen. The result of a recently completed study of Acan- thaceae specimens deposited in the Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro (RB) has led to the discovery of an undescribed species.

A new species of Oplonia from the province of Jujuy, Argentina, 0. jujuyensis, is de- scribed, illustrated, and compared with its closest relative. It differs markedly from 0. hutchisonii by the corolla, which is weakly zygomorphic, and by the erect limb, with the posterior lip deeply two- lobed. This is the first report of this genus from Argentina. The present study of the Acanthaceae for the flora of the Province of Jujuy, Argentina, has led to the recognition of a new species of Oplonia from that region. The genus belongs to the subfamily Acanthoideae tribe Odontonemeae in accordance with Lindau's (1895) infrafamilial classification of the Acanthaceae, or in the tribe Justicieae subtribe Odontoneminae if one prefers to follow Breme- kamp's (1965) system of subfamilial classification. It is characterized by flowers that are either solitary in the leaf axils or borne in comparatively few- flowered axillary fascicles with minute bracts. This much reduced inflorescence distinguishes Oplonia from Odontonema Nees, the latter of which has flowers borne in terminal racemes or panicles. The corolla is zygomorphic, occasionally only weakly so, with a slender tube and a two-lipped limb, the pos- terior lip is two-lobed and the anterior lip is three- lobed. There are two stamens, which may be ex- serted or included, and two staminodes. Presently, two species are known from northern Peru, eight from the West Indies, and five from Madagascar. This is the first time that the genus is reported from Argentina. Although the genus Oplonia is easily recognized and defined, the delimitation and distribution of the taxa are more complex and somewhat unusual. Most species grow in dry open habitats as part of scrub forest. The new taxon is found in thicket of tran- sitional forest between the Chaco and Yungas (sensu Cabrera, 1976). The evolution of the genus (Stearn, 1971) would appear to be from a mesophytic spine- less South American ancestor, resembling the small- flowered species of Odontonema, by progressive re- duction in leaf size, by the contraction of the inflo- rescence from a narrow panicle or raceme into a few-flowered axillary fascicle or solitary flower, and by the conversion of lateral branches into spines, by which changes they became xerophytic. We be- lieve that Oplonia jujuyensis, with its reduced leaves, an inflorescence of few flowers in axillary fascicles, small, Odontonema-like flowers, and habitat rep- resents an isolated transition between the genera Odontonema and Oplonia.