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Amphibious Red Sea rockskipper blennies (Alticus kirki) in nature spend almost their entire lives out of water but near the water's edge. Laboratory studies found oxygen uptake rates of fish in air were less than half those of fish submerged in seawater over the temperature range 16-24 C. Reasons for this difference are unknown, but there are several options. Fish in air are probably not anoxic. Gill and cutaneous gas exchanges probably occur in both environments. Histological studies showed that gill respiration in air may be enhanced by mechanical support of filaments by well-developed cartilaginous gill rods. Aerial gas exchanges may be somewhat impeded by relatively close spacing of filaments on gill arches and by secondary lamellae that are closely spaced, thin, tall, and flexible. Cutaneous gas exchanges probably occur primarily across areas of thin skin that are vascularized subcutaneously. T HE Devonian invasions of the land by the ancestors of terrestrial vertebrates represent a major stage in vertebrate evolution. The functional characteristics of the ancestral forms were critical parts of the foundation that supported the invasions. The working hypothesis of this paper and another related to it (Brown et al., 1991) is that functional studies of the diversity of living species of amphibious fish document possible alternative suites of adaptations for the beginning stages of life out of water, some combinations of which might have

In the Sierra Nevada of California at high elevation, two species of amphibians, Rana muscosa and Bufo canorus, have dramatically declined in numbers during the past two decades. The surface waters in which these species spawn typically are extremely low in acid-neutralizing capacity, and thus may be vulnerable to changes in water chemistry due to acidic deposition. Such changes have been hypothesized to be a cause of the recent population declines. The present study assesses the sensitivity of embryos and hatchling tadpoles of these species to low pH and an elevated level of dissolved aluminum

The 1981 7th Annual Vermont Conference on the Primary Prevention of Psychopathology focused on the issues in fostering mature and responsible sexuality and preventing sexual problems. It is clear that Victorian and Calvinist attitudes are still very much present in the American culture and that they create much irrational guilt and emotionally disturbed behavior. The interdependence of prevention efforts aimed at reducing sexual pathology and efforts to enhance mature responsible and pleasurable sexuality is illustrated. Primary prevention efforts are based on the assumption that reducing stress and giving people better resources for coping are effective ways to prevent social difficulties; so are helping them find support groups and developing good self-esteem. 1 of the arguments to support this focus on primary prevention involves the unbridgeable gap between 1) the large number of persons with sexual problems and 2) the small number of persons prepared to provide individual therapeutic intervention to reduce the psychopathology of the perpetrator and to provide therapeutic assistance for the victim. The 4 parts of this volume include: 1) Defining and Fostering Mature Sexuality in a Nonsexist Society 2) The Damaging Consequences of Sexism 3) Working with High-Risk and Low-Self-Esteem Groups and 4) The Arguments for Sex Education as an Approach to Sane and Mature Sexuality.

yas HE traditional and historic bases for differentiating domestic and international health in Western nations have, as a result of profoundly changing epidemiology and demographics, lost meaning. International health F has been viewed as independent and unrelated to the >c X* domestic health sector as a legacy of colonialization, and as a result of distinctive economic development issues, cultural backgrounds, and regionalism of health problems. Four phenomena have contributed to an unprecedented internationalization of domestic health: i) the re-emergence of a deadly infectious disease pandemic with the human immunodeficiency virus (i); 2) health effects anticipated from environmental exploitation and decay (global warming, ozone depletion, toxic and radioactive waste disposal, deteriorating air and water quality, deforestation and desertification) (2, 3); 3) a shift in immigration patterns such that developing world peoples comprise a majority of immigrants to Western nations (84% of 64,3000 immigrants to the United States in 1988 were of Latin American or Asian origin) (4), and are often foci of endemic and epidemic diseases, both infectious and noninfectious; 4) an emerging global economic interdependence, independent of but heightened by the facts that the United States is now a debtor nation, and that Japan leads in international health funding. The consequences of these trends are that the infrastructures of developed nations face qualitatively new and intense pressures from developing world peoples. Furthermore, the global village concept has never more aptly described the status of world health. We suggest that there exists a mutuality and parallelism of domestic-international public health research, practice and interest which must be nurtured. Mutual areas of

PRIVATE duty nursing consists principally of the bedside care and nursing in their own homes of sick people who are in a position to pay for the skilled services of a fully qualified general nurse or midwife. Nursing is a sacred calling, for the nurse has to deal not with mechanical things, but with sick bodies and often with bruised souls and broken spirits. Her touch must be very sure, her outlook very tolerant, her attitude very tender. She needs-she alone knows how much-the spirit of wisdom and understanding and a right judgment in all things. Thirty years ago, private nursing in South Africa was in its infancy. There were very few trained nurses available for private work, and less demand for the services of those attempting to earn their living in that way. The demand for the trained nurse and midwife gradually increased as her value became known to the general public, until, at the present time, during the busy season, the supply barely meets the demands made upon it, in spite of the large band of trained nurses who are devoting their lives to private nursing. The conditions of work have also greatly improved, as it is now unusual for a nurse to be asked to do more than twelve hours' duty in the sickroom. Although this is still too long, it is a vast improvement on a sixteenhour day, or even longer. More consideration is given to the comfort of the nurse, and if there is no room in the home of the patient, the nurse

Renewed interest in the photochemistry of aqueous solutions in the far ultraviolet (below 2000 A) has stimulated activity in determining reliable extinction coefficients in this spectral region. Several conflicting values for the extinction coefficients of liquid water at various wavelengths have been reported (1-5). In the present study, extinction coefficients of liquid water have been accurately determined in the region 1900 A to 1700 A, thus extending the measurements of Barrett and Mansell (1) and Price et al. (2). In addition, extinction coefficients have been determined at 1849 A and/or between 1800 A and 1900 A for a variety of compounds in aqueous solution. This included sulfuric acid, sodium sulfate, ethyl acetate, methyl alcohol, formic acid, sodium formate, perchloric acid, hydrogen peroxide, potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, and potassium iodide, bromide, and chloride.

surveys to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. 36th Congr., 1st Sess., Ex. Doc. 56, Zool. Rep., No. 5, Chap. 2:350-368. SWAINSON, W. 1839. The natural history and classification of fishes, amphibians and reptiles, or monocardian animals. Vol. 2, Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London. TARANETS, A. Y. 1941. On the classification and origin of the family Cottidae. Isves. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Otd. Biol. 1943(3):427-447. (Transl. from the Russian, Inst. Fish. Univ. British Columbia Mus. Contrib. No. 5:1-28.) THOMPSON, W. 1835. Notices of some additions to the British fauna. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 3:77-82. . 1859. The natural history of Ireland. Vol. 4, Reeve, Benham, and Reeve, London. TILESIUS VON TILENAU, W. G. 1811. Piscium Kamtschaticorum "Teerpuck" et "Waxhnja" descriptions et icones. Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg 3:225-285. ULREY, B. 1929. A check-list of the fishes of Southern California and Lower California. J. Pan Pacific Res. Inst., Honolulu 4(4):2-11. WATANABE, M. 1960. Cottidae (Pisces). Fauna Japonica. Biogeogr. Soc. Japan, Tokyo. WILBY, G. V. 1946. Fishes collected by the Wm. J. Stewart in British Columbia waters during 1934 and 1935. Can. J. Res., Ser. D, 24:134-155. WILIMOVSKY, N. J. 1964. Inshore fish fauna of the Aleutian Archipelago. In: Science in Alaska 1963. G. Dahlgren, ed., pp. 172-190. Proc. 14th Alaskan Sci. Conf. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Alaska Div. YARRELL, W. 1829. Remarks on some English fishes, with notices of three species new to the British fauna (Solea pegusa, Cottus bubalis, and the grig (?) Penn.). Zool. J. 4:465-471. ? 1836. A history of British fishes. 1st ed., vol. 1. John von Voorst, London. 1841. Ibid. 2nd ed. with suppl., vol. 1. 1859. Ibid. 3rd ed. Vol. 1.

T HE Labrador cruises of the R/V BLUE DOLPHIN during the summers of 1952 and 1954 resulted in fish collections containing new distributional data for a number of species. These collections also provide new information on morphology and relative abundances of several forms, especially those from Hebron Fjord (58010'N). The fishes of Labrador, including those collected by previous BLUE DOLPHIN expeditions, are discussed by Backus (1951 and MS2). The 1952 and 1954 operations were supported in part by the Office of Naval Research through the Arctic Institute of North America and in