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Entodon hampeanus C. Miill., a Mexican-Andean moss, is reported for the first time from the United States. It was collected in Oconee County, South Carolina, in 1958, by Wilfred B. Schofield, but remained unidentified until recently. The creation of Lake Jocassee has since flooded the site and the moss is now extinct there. Nevertheless E. hampeanus can be added to a growing list of tropical American bryophytes that are disjunctive to the Southern Appalachian Mountains. A description and illustrations of the moss are provided. In June 1958, Wilfred B. Schofield collected a sterile Entodon in Oconee County, South Carolina, and referred it to the senior author for identification. In aspect the leafy plants resembled E. macropodus (Hedw.) C. Miill., except they seemed more slender and less complanate. Microscopically, the leaf shape looked vaguely different, and the alar cells seemed more prominent, but the differences were difficult to pinpoint. The absence of capsules made identification difficult. Schofield returned to the site in October 1959, and gathered a large quantity of the moss, enough, in fact, for future inclusion in the Crum and Anderson exsiccati, Mosses of North America. The plants were put aside with the provisional label, Entodon n. sp. The material did not surface again until 1982, when a specimen of the original sterile collection was sent to Buck, who had recently completed a generic revision of the Entodontaceae (Buck 1980). He suggested that it might be Entodon hampeanus C. Miill., a Mexican-Andean species not previously known north of Mexico, but lack of fruits prevented positive identification. Fortunately, when the exsiccati material was being packeted, it was found to be in fruit; it could then be identified with certainty as E. hampeanus. Meanwhile, Duke Power Company had constructed a huge dam on the Keowee River, into which the Whitewater River flowed at the time of Schofield's collection. This dam created Lake Jocassee, which flooded the site where E. hampeanus had been collected. In spite of many diligent searches it has not been found elsewhere. This paper, therefore, happily reports the discovery of a moss new to the United States and at the same time sadly takes note of its disappearance. Nevertheless, we call attention to the moss not only because of its phytogeographic significance but in the hope that it exists elsewhere in the Southern Appalachian Mountains and that it will be rediscovered. The accompanying description and illustrations should enhance the possibility of its being found elsewhere. ENTODON HAMPEANUS C. Miill., Linnaea 18: 705. 1845. (FIG. 1-10) Plants relatively slender, yellow-green, glossy, in flat mats. Stems elongate, to ca. 5 cm long, prostrate, irregularly branched, the branches complanate-foliate; pseudoparaphyllia foliose, narrowly lanceolate; axillary hairs uniseriate, with a single, short, brown basal cell and 3-4 elongate, hyaline, apical ones. Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, to ca. 2 mm long, usually widest about 1/3 leaf length, acute or more often obtuse or broadly apiculate, concave, constricted at the insertion; margins plane, densely serrulate above, subentire below; costa short and double; cells linear, smooth, subflexuose, shorter at the extreme apex; alar cells numerous, not reaching costa or reaching it in only 2-3 rows, extending up margins in 5-9 rows, quadrate to short-rectangular, gradually differentiated from those above. Autoicous. Perichaetial leaves erect with gradually spreading apices, lanceolate, 1.3-2.2 mm long, gradually long-acuminate; margins plane, distantly serrulate above, entire below; ecostate; cells linear, subflexuose, becoming broader and shorter above; alar cells scarcely differentiated from other cells across insertion. Setae light yellow to yellow-orange, to ca. 2.5 cm long, twisted; capsules erect to somewhat nodding, cylindric, to 4 mm long; annulus not differentiated; operculum high-conic; peristome inserted well below mouth; exostome teeth reddish, lanceolate, on outer surface striate below, papillose 0007-2745/88/113-115$0.45/0 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.255 on Wed, 25 May 2016 05:55:09 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 114 THE BRYOLOGIST [VOL. 91

A collection from eastern Missouri originally determined as Campylopus flexuosus (Hedw.) Brid. was later determined by Frahm to be Atractylocarpus costaricensis (C. Muell.) Bartr. (Redfearn 27840-sMs, Mo, herb. J.-P. Frahm). This species, heretofore known from Mexico and Central America, occurred in Stoddard County, ca. 4 km SE of Bloomfield, NEI? sec. 1, T.25N., R.10E. It was growing on a log in a spring at the base of Crowley Ridge, an elevated strip of land that traverses the Southeastern Lowlands Region of Missouri. This ridge is noted for the presence of distinctly eastern or northeastern species such as Fagus grandiflora, Liriodendron tulipifera, Ilex opaca, Bartonia paniculata, Obolaria virginiana and Epifagus virginiana while the adjacent lowlands are occupied by plants characteristic of the Gulf Coastal Plain such as Taxodium distichum, Leitneria floridana, Carya aquatica, Trachelyspermum difforme, and Mikania scandens (Steyermark 1963). The area where A. costaricensis occurs is also the habitat for two bryophytes rare in Missouri, Riccardia palmata (Redfearn 1976) and Sphagnum fimbriatum (Redfearn 27822-sMs, Mo). Atractylocarpus costaricensis is an important addition to the list of bryophytes with tropical affinities that occur in the Interior Highlands, a list that includes such species as Hyophila involuta, Leucobryum albidum, Sematophyllum adnatum, Campylopus tallulensis, Thuidium minutulum, Syrrhopodon texanus, Hookeria acutifolia, Trichostomum mollissimum and Entodon macropodus. The presence of plants with tropical affinities in the Interior Highlands has been attributed to their being a part of the widespread Tertiary Flora that has survived in the Interior Highlands, later, in part, migrating onto the Coastal Plain (Sharp 1939; Steyermark 1959). On the other hand, the occurrence of Atractylocarpus costaricensis in Missouri may represent a case of longdistance dispersal since its habitat is along the well-known Mississippi flyway for migratory birds. Sterile plants of Atractylocarpus costaricensis are hard to distinguish from Campylopus species with ventral stereids in cross section of the nerve. However, the sporophytes being nearly always present will differentiate this species from other dicranaceous species by the straight, elongate setae and cylindric, erect capsules with peristome teeth divided nearly to the base (Fig. 1). Another collection, from Florida, was originally determined as Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. Frahm subsequently determined that it was misidentified and is, in fact

Mating, parental, and aggressive behavior were qualitatively and quantitatively studied in domestic and wild paradise fish. No qualitative behavioral differences were observed. Domestic paradise fish exhibited significantly longer intervals between consecutive spawnings, produced more eggs per mating, and had more incomplete spawning acts between spawnings. Domestic males exhibited more intense and longer lasting parental care. They also built larger bubble nests and maintained these nests for a longer period after mating. Wild fish were more aggressive than domestic fish. Male-male encounters of wild fish exhibited significantly shorter latencies prior to attack and jaw lock and more threats and attacks during the 10 min test period. It is concluded that domestic animals have been subjected to inbreeding which has resulted in significant quantitative changes in mating, parental, and aggressive behavior.

Transversotrema licinum sp. n. (Trematoda:Digenea: Transversotrematidae) is described from Scorpius sp. and Microcanthus strigatus in Queensland, Australia. It is ectoparasitic beneath the scales of the host. The genus Transversotrema Witenberg, 1944 (Family Transversotrematidae) is remarkable in its laterally extended body, lack of oral sucker, weakly muscular acetabulum, and other characters. The type species, T. haasi Witenberg, 1944, was found in a basin containing about 20 species of fishes from the Red Sea; its precise host and location in the host are still unknown. The peculiar Cercaria patialensis Soparkar, 1924, protandrous in a freshwater snail, Melanoides tuberculata (Miiller, 1774) in India, is a species of Transversotrema, T. patialense (Soparkar, 1924) Yamaguti, 1958. It has been reported from the same or related species of snail in the Congo (Brien, 1954) and in Ceylon. The structure and life cycle of T. patialense were further described by Crusz, Ratnayake, and Sathananthan (1964) who found "mature metacercariae" in abundance under the scales of Macropodus cupanus (Cuv. and Val.) (Osphronemidae), Ophiocephalus punctatus Bloch (Ophiocephalidae), and Tilapia mossambia (Peters) (Cichlidae), all freshwater fishes of Ceylon. These fishes were experimentally infected by cercariae from M. tuberculata. Olivier (1947) described Cercaria koliensis from Melanoides terebra (?) (Lesson) in the Solomon Islands. He noted its similarity to Transversotrema but did not place it in that genus. Yamaguti (1958) states it apparently belongs there, so the correct name is Transversotrema koliensis (Olivier, 1947) Yamaguti, 1958. There seems no doubt that Yamaguti used the word "apparently" in the sense of "obviously." Velasquez (1958) named Transversotrema Received for publication 30 December 1969. * Studies from the Department of Zoology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, No. 415. Supported in part by NSF Grant GB 468. laruei from Lates calcarifer Bloch in the Philippines. At that time, the few specimens found were thought to come from the muscles and intestine. Later studies (Velasquez, 1961) showed that the bioculate, furcocercous, protandrous cercariae of this species emerged from rediae in brackish water snails, Thiara riquettii Grateloup, and became "progenetic metacercariae" under the scales of several species of freshwater and brackish water fishes. The species described below is the one mentioned in an abstract by Manter (1965). It occurred sexually mature beneath the scales of two species of marine fishes in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. Eggs were usually present in the uterus and there seems no reason why the worms should not be considered normal adults, rather than progenetic

Investigations concerned with the responses of the chromatophore system of the young of amphibians and fish have shown in most cases that this system passes through two physiological phases. The first response of the melanophores is to expand in light and to contract in darkness. This is believed to be a primitive reaction and the melanophores are assumed to be in the primary phase. Later in development and coincinding with the pigmentation of the eyes these melanophores show a reversal of their previous reaction, contracting in light and expanding in darkness, and are believed to be in the secondary phase in which the system remains throughout life. This reversal of the reaction to the primary phase response is believed to be due to the influence exerted indirectly by the eyes through the nervous system. This view was first emphasized by Babak (1910) and has since been confirmed by the experiments of Hooker (1914) on Rana pipiens, Laurens (1915, 1917) on Amblystoma, Fishel (1920) on amphibians, Duspiva (1931) on Salmo salvelinus and Perca fluviatilis, Tomita (1936) on Macropodus opercularis, Parker (1936) on Mustelus canis, and by Detwiler and Copenhaver (1940) on Amblystoma. It is to be noted that Parker records that the young of Mustelus omits the primary phase reaction to stimulation. According to a report of Coonfield (1940) the reactions of the melanophore system of the young of Pomacentrus leucostictus are at variance to those given in the reports previously cited. These young fish gave no consistant pigmentary reaction until a few hours before hatching. Beginning at this time and end'ng a few hours after hatching the melanophores of both the normal and the eyeless embryos and larvae contracted in response to a white background, expanded when over a black brackground, and contracted when in darkness. In view of these results and those of Parker previously cited, I decided to make further investigations of this problem of pigmentary responses of young fish. The young of Typhlogobius were selected because the eyes of this fish degenerate before they reach maturity, thus possibly giving some indication of the part taken by the eyes in the melanophore reaction.