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INTRODUCTION -Londa Schiebinger and Claudia Swan I. COLONIAL GOVERNANCE AND BOTANICAL PRACTICES 1. Dominion, Demonstration, and Domination: Religious Doctrine, Territorial Politics, and French Plant Collection -Chandra Mukerji 2. Walnuts at Hudson Bay, Coral Reefs in Gotland: The Colonialism of Linnaean Botany -Staffan Muller-Wille 3. Mission Gardens: Natural History and Global Expansion, 1720-1820 -Michael T. Bravo 4. Gathering for the Republic: Botany in Early Republic America -Andrew J. Lewis II. TRANSLATING INDIGENOUS, CREOLE, AND EUROPEAN BOTANIES: LOCAL KNOWLEDGE(S), GLOBAL SCIENCE 5. Books, Bodies, and Fields: Sixteenth-Century Transatlantic Encounters with New World Materia Medica -Daniela Bleichmar 6. Global Economies and Local Knowledge in the East Indies: Jacobus Bontius Learns the Facts of Nature -Harold J. Cook 7. Prospecting for Drugs: European Naturalists in the West Indies -Londa Schiebinger 8. Linnaean Botany and Spanish Imperial Biopolitics -Antonio Lafuente and Nuria Valverde 9. How Derivative was Humboldt? Microcosmic Nature Narratives in Early Modern Spanish America and the (Other) Origins of Humboldt's Ecological *Sensibilities -Jorge Canizares-Esguerra III. CASH CROPS: MAKING AND REMAKING NATURE 10. The Conquest of Spice and the Dutch Colonial Imaginary: Seen and Unseen in the Visual Culture of Trade -Julie Berger Hochstrasser 11. Of Nutmegs and Botanists: The Colonial Cultivation of Botanical Identity -E. C. Spary 12. Out of Africa: Colonial Rice History in the Black Atlantic -Judith Carney IV. TECHNOLOGIES OF ACCUMULATION 13. Collecting Naturalia in the Shadow of Early Modern Dutch Trade" -Claudia Swan 14. Accounting for the Natural World: Double-Entry Bookkeeping in the Field -Anke te Heesen 15. Surgeons, Fakirs, Merchants, and Craftspeople: Making L'Empereur's Jardin in Early Modern South Asia -Kapil Raj 16. Measurable Difference: Botany, Climate, and the Gardener's Thermometer in Eighteenth-Century France -Marie-Noelle Bourguet Notes List of Contributors Index Acknowledgments

1. Introduction David Philip Miller Part I. The Banksian Empire: 2. Joseph Banks, empire, and 'centers of calculation' in late Hanoverian London David Philip Miller 3. Agents of empire: the Banksian collectors and evaluation of new lands David Mackay 4. The antipodean exchange: European horticulture and imperial designs Alan Frost 5. Disciplining disease: scurvy, the navy, and imperial expansion, 1750-1825 Christopher Lawrence 6. The ordering of nature and the ordering of empire: a commentary John Gascoigne Part II. The Uses of Botany: 7. Purposes of Linnaean travel: a preliminary research report Lisbet Koerner 8. Botany in the boudoir and garden: the Banksian context Janet Browne 9. 'On the banks of the South Sea': botany and the sexual controversy in the late eighteenth century Alan Bewell Part III. Representations of Living Nature and their Uses: 10. 'Implanted in our natures': humans, plants, and the stories of art Martin Kemp 11. Images of ambiguity: eighteenth-century microscopy and the neither/nor Barbara M. Stafford 12. Global physics and aesthetic empire: Humboldt's physical portrait of the tropics Michael Dettelbach 13. Seeing and understanding: a commentary Peter Hanns Reill Part IV. The Indigenous Environment: Anthropological Perspectives: 14. The scientific endeavor and the natives Ingjerd Hoem 15. Mediated encounters with Pacific cultures: three Samoan dinners Alessandro Duranti 16. Visions of empire: afterword Simon Schaffer.

Plants for Food and Medicine, the proceedings of the 1996 Economic Botany and the International Society of Ethnopharmacology Conference. Explores the commercial and scientific potential of plants for the food, health and drug industries. It focuses on the current state of 'pharmafoods' - how medicinal plants are shaping modern medicine; ethnopharmacology; new drug development; biodiversity and conservation; and the valuation of wild plant resources.

Botany played an important role in the popular culture of nineteenth-century America. Unlike entomology or ornithology, which often required killing specimens, botany was ideally suited to genteel goals of self-improvement, enrichment, physical exercise, and mental discipline. For most of the century, at least, botany posed no threat to religious orthodoxy. Indeed, as a central topic of natural theology, the study of plants seemed to be an ideal means to moral reform. Botany was also an activity in which both sexes could participate on more or less equal terms. While boys and men usually collected specimens, girls and women often identified them. It was this aspect of botanyknowing the names of plants and the relationships among them-that was central to nineteenth-century botany. In The Botanizers, Elizabeth Keeney explores both the cultural and social changes that shaped this activity throughout the nineteenth century. According to Keeney, the period 1830-1880 was the heyday of popular botany. "Botanizing" appealed to a broad cross-section of the American public. Popular botanical manuals often sold thousands of copies. Perhaps not every customer became an avid student of plants, but Keeney estimates that the number of botanizers was much higher than historians have previously assumed. Using a variety of measures, she claims that the total number of plant enthusiasts easily exceeded 100,000 at mid-century. Although botany flourished throughout the nineteenth century several important, but often subtle, changes occurred in its cultural role. These changes ultimately led to a decline in the popularity of botany. At the same time, the social and institutional context of botany was altered dramatically as the science became an increas