Search

The Euroamerican coauthor of this study initially became involved in the enterprise of crosscultural interpretation in the area of classical sinology. Trained in literary Chinese by the inductive method (Creel 193852), the problems associated with internalizing an alien mindset due to linguistic differences never arose. The inductive method taught the classical Chinese language by avoiding the teaching of grammar and rhetoric, substituting instead the assimilation of the language through learning to think in the language. In other words, the method was similar to the way traditional Chinese learned literary Chinese: the memorization of texts on ethics and morality to develop vocabulary in the context of acculturation. The effect on the coauthor was a shift in the basic perceptions of reality from one of the possibilities of Indo-European language cultures to that of traditional Chinese culture. The process was enhanced by the parallels of lifestyles in that both Euroamerican, at least in the 1960s, and traditional Chinese culture were socio-politically stratified, with intellectuals assumed to be minimally upper middle-class regardless of actual economic circumstances, and highly literate. Continuing education in the tradition by becoming close friends with some of the last generation of Chinese to be KEN PITAWANAKWAT IS AN ANISHNAABE HEALER IN TRAINING. JORDAN

THE STILL USEFUL COLLECTION of historical linguistic material to be found in Paul Horn, Grundriss der neupersischen Etymologie (Strassburg, 1893-photo-reprint 1966) contains numerous references to Judeo-Persian forms as culled from the very few J-P texts available at the end of the 19th century. These were primarily the J-P versions of the prophetic books of Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel (through Ez 9.4 only) published by Paul de Lagarde in his Persische Studien, pp. 3-140 (in the right part of the volume) [Gottingen, 1884]. These texts were based on manuscripts in the Bibliotheque Nationale. The other major source for Horn-also from a manuscript in Paris (Bibl. Nat. 128)-was II. Zotenberg, "Geschichte Daniels: Ein Apokryph," Archiv fur wissensch. Erforschung des Alten Testaments 1.385-427 (1869). Horn's practice in citing J-P forms wherever possible was commendable, and was worthy of emulation in later decades. However, aside from the scattered efforts of a very few scholars at the turn of the century-most notably Wilhelm Bacher-the large numbers of J-P manuscripts and books available in many collections have remained unstudied and unknown. This note seeks to demonstrate once again what an important source for the history of the Persian language the J-P texts represent, by focussing on a single set of forms-the short copulas ham first person singular, him first person plusal, hid second person plural, and hand third person plural. The third person singular hast that is current in Islamic Persian is the sole survivor of what was clearly a full paradigm in an earlier stage of the language. (No examples of the second person singular hi (hy) were found; and it was not considered necessary to cite any of the frequently occurring hast forms from J-P.) In section 107 (page 25) of his etymological dictionary, Horn discusses these forms and cites the J-P shapes here transliterated as hm, hym, hyd, hnd (they appear in Hebrew type-but with two misprints: samex for mem in the first two forms). We now give a tabulation of the occurrence of these copulas from three texts

WAS THE OP SYLLABARY an ad hoc invention under the Achaemenids or is it the much eroded survivor of an older and more complete writing system? * This problem has been repeatedly discussed chiefly by reference to the evidence from the Greek sources, from Aramaeo-Pehlevi scribal practice, and from the more direct-though not completely clear-evidence in paragraph 70 of the Bisitun inscription.' The argument offered in this paper is submitted in order to show that internal linguistic evidence available from the OP language itself has not been completely exhausted. An examination of the relevant handbooks re