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The powerful reverberations of Mary Wilkins Freeman's "The Revolt of 'Mother'" lasted for decades. (1) The story, which connected issues of gender, control of finances on the farm, and the role of the home in keeping the family united, was read in city and rural homes, high school and college classrooms, and was performed in public readings and amateur theatricals. It furnished a starting point for early twentieth-century discussions of the lives of farm women and inspired other stories about farm women's control of finances and improving the lives of rural families. One such story was Nina Sutherland Purdy's "Mothering: The Story of a Revolt" (1916), reprinted here. Nina (pronounced Nine-uh) Sutherland Purdy was born in Delaware County in rural New York in 1889, the year before "The Revolt of 'Mother'" was published. Her stories and articles appeared intermittently from 1915 through the 1940s in venues ranging from the elite, like the children's magazine St. Nicholas, to the popular. Her writings included two children's books, a 1916 antiwar story entitled "The Safety-Pin," a series of "Mandy" stories published in Woman's World (discussed below), a group of biographical articles in the 1920s for Everybody's Magazine, and pieces for pulp magazines like Love Story and All-Story Cavalier Weekly. Purdy also worked on at least one radio serial. Despite her range of venues, however, she seems to have published sporadically. She married three times and lived in New York City as a writer. Making her own compromise between rural and city life, however, she spent part of each year at the family farm in Downsville, dying nearby in 1952. Purdy's own movement between rural and city life as an educated woman with a BS and an MA was representative of larger trends of the time. These biographical details and the publication circumstances of both "Mother" stories illuminate the relationship between Mary Wilkins Freeman's 1890 "Revolt of 'Mother'" and its 1916 partial namesake. WOMAN'S WORLD, FARM WOMEN'S DISCONTENT, AND CONSUMERISM Purdy's five stories for Woman's World in 1915 and 1916 are about the forward-looking Mandy, head of the Benson Hollow Women's Neighborhood Improvement Society and a central character in "Mothering: The Story of a Revolt." Mandy encourages women around her to be more sympathetic mothers and to enjoy themselves. (2) Unlike an earlier generation of regional writers who were attentive to the specifics of their localities, Purdy created characters who speak a kind of all-purpose country dialect, as though to give them a rural tone but not to exclude readers who lived in different parts of the country. Characters in Mandy's Benson Hollow, for example, speak roughly the same dialect as do characters in "Honeymoon Overdue," a later story set among nineteenth-century southern New Jersey lumbermen. Purdy's stories, then, represent a new offspring of regionalism: ruralism without region. Sinclair Lewis's Main Street exemplifies such work, suggesting that the small town locale is representative rather than specific: "The town is, in our tale, called 'Gopher Prairie, Minnesota.' But its Main Street is the continuation of Main Streets everywhere. The story would be the same in Ohio or Montana, in Kansas or Kentucky or Illinois, and not very differently would it he told Up York State or in the Carolina hills" (3). Although Purdy herself was from New York's Catskill Mountains, in "Mothering" and her other stories for Woman's World, Benson Hollow is located in indeterminate rural space, unanchored in specific landscape or history. Even its cows, hay, and strawberries could be raised nearly anywhere. Instead of regional specifics, the stories emphasize tension between the farm and the alluring city. This pull between rural and urban life was highly relevant in the 1910s, which saw the beginnings of a national discussion of farm life that focused on women. Theodore Roosevelt's 1908 Country Life Commission suggested that farm women be helped with their heavy workloads; a 1913 Department of Agriculture survey followed. …

The Remarks on the Craftsman's Vindication, published in the first few days of June 1731, was an attack on William Pulteney and Henry St. John, Viscount Bolingbroke, de facto leaders of the opposition to George II's first minister Sir Robert Walpole and cofounders of the weekly Craftsman. The pamphlet was inspired by the high-handed apology for himself and Pulteney with which Bolingbroke had concluded his Remarks on the History of England, an enormously popular exercise in partisan historiography published in the Craftsman from 13 June 1730 (No. 206) to 22 May 1731 (No. 255). The pamphlet went through eight London editions and one Dublin edition as well as a second impression of the first edition, an unnumbered edition that appended Bolingbroke's "vindication" from Craftsman 255, and a pirate of this omnibus edition. The Remarks on the Craftsman's Vindication was the subject of at least thirteen other pamphlets and several newspaper-leaders published during the summer of 1731. Much of the discussion concerned the pamphlet's authorship. Because Walpole himself was rumored to have had a hand in the pamphlet's composition, the debate, if inconclusive, was often passionate.1 Examining the charges, dodges, and denials that characterized the discussion of authorship allows us to speculate meaningfully about relations between the government and the progovernment press at a time

This is the first of three volumes based on papers given at the conference 'The Fragile Tradition: The German Cultural Imagination Since 1500' in Cambridge, 2002. Together they provide a conspectus of current research on the cultural, historical and literary imagination of the German-speaking world across the whole of the modern period. This volume highlights the ways in which cultural memory an historical consciousness have been shaped by experiences of discontinuity, focusing particularly on the reception of the Reformation, the literary and ideological heritage of the Enlightenment, and the representation of war, the Holocaust, and the reunification of Germany in contemporary literature and museum culture.

Yahwism after the Exile: Perspectives on Israelite Religion in the Persian Era: Papers Read at the First Meeting of the European Association for Biblical Studies, Utrecht, 6-9 August 2000, edited by Rainer Albertz and Bob Becking. Studies in Theology and Religion 5. Assen: Van Gorcum, 2003. Pp. xxi + 300. euro;67.50. ISBN 902323880X. This volume consists of papers read at the first meeting of the European Association for Biblical Studies in Utrecht (Netherlands) in August 2000. All papers are written in English with one exception-the essay by Rudiger Schmitt, which is in German-and most of them offer an important contribution to a better understanding of the Persian period and its significance for the formation of the Hebrew Bible. In the foreword, the editors (Rainer Albertz and Bob Becking) describe the Persian period as a "transit period" from the former Israelite and Judahite religions, which reveal multiple Yahwisms, to Judaism as it appears in the Hellenistic period. They also emphasize the difficulty of understanding the Judean situation during the Persian era, since we have no documents from the Persian administration that are related directly to the province of Yehud. Hence, biblical sources remain important, even if their date and intention are not easy to identify; at times, some evidence from inscriptions and archaeology may also shed some light on the period. Albertz and Becking conclude with a brief presentation of each paper. The essays are ordered alphabetically. Instead of following this order, however, this review will briefly discuss the articles according to their topics. The first essay, by Rainer Albertz ("The Thwarted Restoration," pp. 1-17), is a good introduction to the whole volume. Albertz argues that the term "restoration," often used by biblical scholars to describe the Persian period, is not actually adequate. Indeed, the Persian period does not witness a return to preexilic institutions but a new political and ideological structure, which Albertz describes as follows: on the top of the province of Yehud is a governor (who may be either Persian or Jew); under him stand two councils of Jewish self-administration, the "congregation of the priests" and the "council of elders." Beneath those councils, Albert identifies a third institution, the "assembly [qahal] of the people," which had quite restricted powers compared to the councils of priestly and lay leaders. Furthermore, these two councils had the same interest as the Persian government, namely, to prevent the emergence of monarchic or messianic movements in Yehud. The view of Antje Labahn ("Antitheocratic Tendencies in Chronicles," pp. 115-35) partially contradicts Albertz's analysis, since Labahn argues for an important role of the Levites during the Persian period. Labahn argues that the Levites, which she identifies as the probable authors of Chronicles, established themselves as a third pressure group beneath the priestly and political leadership. The Levites should then be conceived of as a "multi-functional group in the Second Temple period" (p. 129). They recognized the privileges of priests in the sacrificial cult, but this topic only plays a limited role in Chronicles. Much more attention is given to the Levites, who apparently functioned as administrators and were influential in almost all areas of the Judean society. Yet, if one follows Labahn's interpretation of Chronicles, the Levites agreed with the other leading groups in rejecting monarchical ideology. Some essays emphasize the ideological and institutional changes that took place in Yehud under the Achaemenids. David Vanderhooft ("New Evidence Pertaining to the Transition from Neo-Babylonian to Achaemenid Administration in Palestine," pp. 219-35) discusses nonbiblical evidence for Babylonian and Persian administration in Judea. Tablets recently published by the French scholars Francis Joannes and Andre Lemaire indicate the existence of a town in Mesopotamia called Al-Yahudu. …

The Papers of Andrew Jackson: Vol. VI, 1825-1828. Edited by Harold D. Moser, J. Clint Clift, and Wyatt C. Wells. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2002. Pp. xlvii, 674. Illustrations, chronology, calendar. Cloth, $70.00.)Historians of the early republic have reason to celebrate the appearance of the latest volume of the Papers of Andrew Jackson, covering the years 1825 through 1828. Like its predecessors in the University of Tennessee Press series, this installment is characterized by immaculate scholarship and contains a wealth of detailed information.At the start of this volume we find Andrew Jackson, U. S. senator from Tennessee, in Washington, uneasily awaiting the final outcome of the presidential election of 1824. Defeated in the February 1825 House election as a result of clay and Adams's "corrupt bargain," Jackson resigned from the Senate in October 1825 upon being renominated for the presidency by Tennessee's state legislature. Jackson spent most of the time covered in this volume residing at the "Hermitage" with his wife Rachel, tending to his plantation and his slaves, visiting friends, and, of course, engaging in a voluminous and widely flung correspondence. At the volume's end Jackson at last succeeds in his six-year-long presidential bid, but we leave Old Hickory not basking in the glow of victory, but rather a bitter, broken man, mourning the sudden death of his wife.The vast majority of letters printed in this volume concern politics and various aspects of Jackson's presidential candidacy. Jackson exchanged news and opinion with a wide range of correspondents, but most letters are to or from a fairly small circle of Jackson's political friends, many of whom (such as John Coffee, John H. Eaton, Richard K. Call, and Samuel Houston) served with Jackson in the military.The second half of this volume is dominated by discussion of the various scandals and newspaper controversies attending the protracted 1828 presidential campaign. (Almost an entire page of the index, in fact, is devoted to "Jackson, Andrew-Quarrels and Controversies.") Jackson's entire life, past and present, came under the scrutiny of administration gossip, speeches, pamphlets, and newspapers. In late November 1828, while news of his electoral triumph poured in from all corners of the Union, Jackson concluded with some justification that "the history of the world does not furnish a parallel to the late canvass-every calumny that could be invented both against my private and publick character, was trumpeted forth by the subsidised presses, supported by the patronage of the Government, & circulated over the whole union, by its minions & panders" (535). Jackson was charged with being everything from a murderer and a Burrconspirator to an adulterer and a slave-trader. Many charges-including one that Jackson's mother was "a prostitute who intermaried [sic] with a negro, & [had Jackson's] eldest brother sold as a slave in Carolina" (493)-will quickly disabuse anyone who still thinks of "dirty campaigning" as a recent phenomenon.Not all letters, of course, concern matters political. Among the non-political letters printed in this volume, those detailing Jackson's intricate legal and business concerns are downright soporific, but others offer fascinating glimpses into daily life in the West and the social world of the plantation. Especially intriguing are a set of documents surrounding the death of one of Jackson's slaves, Gilbert, a frequent runaway who was stabbed by Jackson's overseer in 1827 when he refused to submit to a punishment ordered by Jackson himself (384-87). …

The Papers of John C. Calhoun: Volume XXVI, 1848-1849. Edited by Clyde N. Wilson et al. (University of South Carolina Press, 2001. Pp. xvi, 578. $59.95.) A half-century ago, the publication of the first volume of The Papers of Thomas Jefferson (1950) launched a revolution in historical editing. In little over a decade, the initial volumes of The Papers of Henry Clay (1959), The Papers of Benjamin Franklin (1959), The Works of James Buchanan (1960), The Papers of Alexander Hamilton (1961), and The Papers of James Madison (1962) had begun to appear, more or less modeled after the Jefferson Papers. These projects continue to this day, serving as monuments to the scholarly concerns of a by-gone era while providing very useful collections for studying the founders and a subsequent generation of American political leaders. The Papers of John C. Calhoun are among these, having begun publication in 1959. The most recent volume covers the period from August 1848 to the following July, bringing the project to within eight months of Calhoun's death. Long-time editors Clyde N. Wilson and Shirley Bright Cook, for whom the project is obviously a labor of love, provide a brief introduction to the volume. They assert that Calhoun's demand for a concurrent majority capable of blocking northern threats to slavery was driven by his intellectual opposition to the doctrine that "all men are created free and equal." The editors deny that Calhoun had any real interest in "proslavery theory narrowly defined," but instead offered a defense of a "real and self governing society" (xi-xii). This volume is divided into four major chronological sections. Each begins with an introduction that provides brief historical context and some personal background on Calhoun. The letters in this volume are overwhelmingly political. Much of Calhoun's correspondence in the summer and fall of 1848 focused on the upcoming presidential contest. The election posed a difficult dilemma for many in the South. The Whigs were riddled with opponents of slavery, and although Zachary Taylor was a southerner and a slave owner, little was known of his political beliefs. Democratic nominee Lewis Cass of Michigan was silent on the Wilmot Proviso, and Martin Van Buren, a foil to Calhoun's ideas and ambitions for a generation, lurked as the Free Soil choice. Many southerners sought Calhoun's views on the election, but the South Carolinian believed that none of the candidates deserved the South's support. He repeatedly reminded southerners to remain united, and, in October 1848, warned that "we must give up our slaves, or give up our political connection with all parties at the North, unless one shall rise up ... and join us to put down abolitionism"(93). The South Carolinian's pessimism about the future of the union pervades many of these letters. The volume opens with Calhoun blasting the Wilmot Proviso as an aggressive assertion of northern power that directly threatened southern interests. Near the end of the volume, his July 5, 1849 letter "To the People of the Southern States" (454-95) offers a detailed elaboration of his views on northern aggression and southern constitutional remedies. …

Advances in Hispanic Linguistics: Papers from the 2nd Hispanic Linguistics Symposium. Ed. Javier Gutierrez-Rexach and Fernando Martinez-Gil. 2 vols. Somerville, MA. Cascadilla, 1999. 578 pages. This collection of English-language articles, which touch all areas of Hispanic linguistics, resulted from the conference mentioned in the title and held at the Ohio State University in Columbus in October of 1998. Shortly thereafter, the editors produced a gem-a set of high-quality papers in two beautifully printed paperback volumes promulgated by an up-and-coming publisher of conference proceedings. Volume i contains the introduction and acknowledgments, Section 1: "Psycholinguistics and Sociolinguistics," and Section 2: "Phonology, Morphology, and Historical Linguistics," whereas Volume ii includes only Section 3: "Syntax, Semantics, and Pragmatics." The articles include their own bibliography, each of which has followed the same standard format. Even though the fonts used have not adhered to the same pattern, the changes in font from article to article in no way distract from the excellent attributes of the content or the printing. Of the 48 papers presented at the conference only 37 were included in this set of selected proceedings. The editors have carefully chosen articles that employ more traditional theoretical models and those that utilize current standards of linguistic thought (e.g., Optimality Theory applied to problems of historical linguistics). The compendium highlights scholarship from younger researchers as well as that of more established ones. In the latter group one will find names such as Frank Nuessel, John Lipski, Jose Ignacio Hualde, Marta Lujan, Rafael Nunez Cedeno, Diane Ringer Uber, Robert Hammond, Paula Kempchinsky, and Thomas Walsh, among others. While all of the articles merit praise for their caliber, some require special attention. Therefore, this review will comment on a subset of the selected proceedings, either for their superior presentation or because the research requires particular commentary. In her article on the various interpretations of the oft-caricatured syntactic marker nomas, Mary Ellen Garcia proceeds with an historical overview of its use in Spanish from Latin to the present day. She points out that the Spanish American nomas is generally equivalent to the Spanish use of nada mds and she gives many examples to prove her hypothesis that the adverb serves to limit and/or emphasize something in a conversation, especially in the Spanish of San Antonio, Texas. Diane Ringer Uber, an established expert in Spanish American phonology, has most recently been investigating the pronouns of address in Spanish America. …

Within the current context of state governments searching for roles in the response to terrorism, we explore the nature of state policy response to recent domestic threats to government operations. We employ a general model of state diffusion of innovative policies in an effort to understand state adoption of laws against the use of frivolous liens. The use of such liens by right-wing Patriot groups grew in the 1990s, leading us to focus on key issues related to policy diffusion—the extent of the problem or threat, and the characteristics of regional response. To test specific hypotheses we use Event History Analysis on a state-level dataset from 1995 to 1999. Our results suggest that state adoption of lien laws is mostly driven by regional forces, including the regional threat posed by Patriot groups and the adoption of lien laws by other states in the region, rather than national forces or factors internal to a state. We conclude that previous research has been too limited in its conceptualization of regional influences and that these same forces will likely drive future state-level response to the threat of terrorism.

On 1 January 1871, under the terms of the Irish Church act of 1869, St Patrick's College, Maynooth, received a capital sum of £369,040 in compensation for the withdrawal of the annual parliamentary grant of £26,360 that had been set under the Maynooth act of 1845. Much to the delight of the then president, Rev C. W. Russell, the trustees would 'no longer [be] subject to official control, nor liable to be made the occasion of unseemly exhibitions in Parliament' but would have the power to independently administer the entire property, 'subject to one sole condition, the equitable one of applying the proceeds [of endowment] to the proper purposes of the trust'. In other words, the capital sum invested would have to provide an annual return comparable (at least) to the previous annual grant in order to safeguard the financial running of the college, of which the trustees, the only legally constituted religious corporation in Ireland, were now the legal proprietors.

BOOK REVIEWS The Papers of George Washington. Presidential Series, Volume 9: September 1791-February 1792. Edited by Mark A. Mastromarino and Jack D. Warren. Philander D. Chase, Series Editor. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2000. Pp. xxxiv, 672. $62.50.) The Presidential Series of the Papers of George Washington form one section of the partially completed seven-unit, forty-six-volume compilation of documents produced by, or sent to, America's most famous person. Volume 9 addresses six critical months in the Washington administration, from September 1791 to February 1792. Some of the issues the president faced included controversies in developing the new federal capital; the nomination of ministers to London, Paris, and The Hague; and the government's decision on sending weapons to help suppress the slave uprising on Saint Domingue. Above all, the event that shook the United States during this period was the virtual annihilation of its army on November 4, 1791, at the hands of the First Nations of the Old Northwest. For this reviewer that last event is the most interesting story that can be followed through the volume because of its place in the larger struggles for control of the Great Lakes between 1754 and 1814. This volume offers a variety of enlightening correspondence for the weeks leading up to the aboriginal victory, such as a letter from Secretary of War Henry Knox that summarized the ambivalent thoughts of the expedition's commander, Arthur St. Clair, on his prospects for the looming confrontation. Another fascinating document is a report on the diplomatic dance then taking place among the Americans, the Six Nations Iroquois, and the British to protect their differing interests as they awaited the outcome of the approaching confrontation between the Western Tribes and the United States. These are followed by the first reports of St. Clair's disaster, which arrived in the capital on December 8, 1791. Of these, that of one battalion commander, William Darke, is particularly interesting. Darke conveyed a vivid sense of the confused desperation that marked the action and made a not-atypical attempt to exonerate his own performance and that of his fellow officers by shifting most of the blame for the rout to the panic-struck lower ranks, who, he wrote, could not be brought into line to perform their duty. Darke also noted that he thought "the Slaughter far Grater than Bradocks" (163), an interesting observation given American fondness for remembering the 1755 British defeat on the Monongahela but not the American one on the Wabash, perhaps because the former affirms national myths while the latter threatens them. Once news of the disaster tore through the capital, politicians leapt into action to promote their respective agendas. Washington's first report to the House of Representatives calmly referred to "the misfortune which has befallen the troops" and, while admitting that the loss of life was "considerable," quickly moved on to state that "it may be repaired without great difficulty" (274). These sentiments, of course, were expressed without his being certain that Congress would allow him to raise a new army and without having enough details at hand to assess the magnitude of the frontier crisis with any precision. The coolness of Washington's public statement also contrasted with his angry private outburst to news of the defeat as witnessed at one of Martha Washington's weekly receptions (275). By Christmas, his administration had developed plans to replace the lost army and attempted to undermine politicians who argued for a peaceful settlement by asserting that hostilities were necessary because the aboriginal people not only had rejected government offers to promote peace "upon the terms of justice and humanity" (314) but had fallen under the machinations of "malignant and turbulent characters" (317) who stoked their desires for "plunder and trophies" (320). …

The Razor-Thin Outcome of the October 1995 Referendum in Quebec was a jarring wake-up call for English Canada, forcing Canadians outside Quebec to confront the unthinkable. This collection of papers by leading academics and analysts offers the most thorough examination yet of the main issues arising for the country out of the October referendum. It considers not only what might be done to help the country survive, but what should be done if it doesn't.The book is divided into two parts, the first focussing on ways to improve the social, political, and economic union of Canada. The second confronts head-on the possibility of Quebec separation and discusses the terms and processes of Quebec's possible departure.As the recent Supreme Court decision made clear, the time for reasoned negotiation with a soon-to-be-independent Quebec may come. Although committed to keeping the country together, all the contributors to this volume share a commitment to democracy and the peaceful resolution of conflict. The individual papers go beyond analysis to provide a clear set of proposals for action and change.Originally commissioned by the C.D. Howe Institute, the papers provide the first real blueprint for 'thinking about the unthinkable.' As such, this collection will be of great interest to anyone concerned about the future of Canada, and the future of Quebec.

The Papers of General Nathanael Greene: Volume X: 3 December 1781-- 6 April 1782. Edited by Dennis M. Conrad. (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1998. Pp. xlvi, 663. Illustrations, maps. $85.00.) Nathanael Greene, the Rhode Island-born anchorsmith and Quaker preacher's son, stands second only to George Washington as the military mastermind of the War for Independence. A gifted strategist, he offered sage advice to Washington during the northern campaigns of the Revolution, served as quartermaster-general, and then, beginning in 1780, commanded the war in the South. At Cowpens, Guilford Court House, Ninety Six, and Eutaw Springs, his forces thrilled Americans by harassing the British and wearing them down. Greene, who walked with a slight limp, pursued the redcoats on an unrelenting march all the way back to Charleston. Meanwhile, the triumph at Yorktown of Washington and the Comte de Rochambeau, the French lieutenant general, effectively ended the war. Greene's mission became defensive. The preservation of his tired, undermanned, and undersupplied army-which remained vulnerable to attacks by the resilient British-now constituted his principal task. As this excellent collection of correspondence makes clear, Greene succeeded as best he could. Edited by Dennis M. Conrad, the tenth installment of the Nathanael Greene papers continues the proud tradition set by its predecessors. It faithfully reproduces the most important letters to and from Greene and compresses into well-annotated abstracts less significant communications, which constitute 69 percent of the documents covered by the volume. Conrad's fine introduction ably surveys the documentary record that he and his team have assembled. The greatest problem facing this "politically astute general" during the four-month period covered by this volume, according to Conrad, revolved around the reluctance of "states in the Southern Department ... to provide men and supplies" in the wake of victory at Yorktown (xv, xiii). Greene addressed these problems in innovative ways that tested his mettle as a politician and yielded interesting results. First, Greene tried to conciliate loyalists by allowing them to start anew, demonstrate their patriotism, and take up the revolutionary cause. In keeping with his plan, increasing numbers of George BIll's former partisans earned citizenship by enlisting to fight against the Crown. Greene also pursued a policy of constructive engagement with loyalist merchants in British-held Charleston, giving them food in exchange for clothing for his troops. To secure their assistance he employed not only carrots but also bluffs about forthcoming sticks: to one correspondent, who Greene apparently thought would leak the (mis)information, he wrote in February about "the arrival of a French fleet which may soon be expected" (358). …

My recent work consists of room-size mixed-media installations that address issues of identity, culture, and ritual by exploring historical and contemporary stereotypes of what it means to be Chinese American and female. I am interested in how historical representations about Asians are visually constructed and sustained in contemporary American society, and what role they play in the formation of my own preconceptions about my cultural heritage. Summoning the Ghosts (1999-2000) is based on a rural Chinese superstition that ghosts are identified by the absence of feet. The act of making the paper feet, which involves binding my feet with paper and glue, also refers to the bound feet of nineteenth-century Chinese women. Arranged in rows, circles, or scattered in a field of Queen Anne's Lace, the pairs of feet signify tombstones and graves, what we use to mark and pay homage to the earthly resting place of ancestors. In the final installation, 365 pairs of paper feet will occupy a space. In the abbreviated installation in this slide, forty-nine pairs of feet are arranged in seven rows of seven pairs. In Chinese folklore, it is believed that the souls of the deceased take seven days to leave the houses they occupied in life, and a total of forty-nine days to leave the earth for heaven.

With volume 24 of the Revolutionary War Series, the conflict enters a new decade. New Year's Day 1780 finds Washington in winter quarters at Morristown, N.J., having established his headquarters at the Ford mansion there one month earlier. During the weeks covered by this volume, the Continental army experienced the harshest winter of the war. But the severity of the winter did not prevent Washington from mounting an offensive against British forces. Ice had formed a natural bridge to Staten Island, and Washington decided to use the situation to launch a major attack on the enemy's forts there. He assigned Major General Stirling to command the strike and assigned him 2,600 troops. Stirling launched the assault as planned in the early morning of 15 January, but the next day he had to report to Washington that the operation had failed. Although the attack was fruitless, it provides evidence of Washington's aggressive generalship: a major winter attack designed to cut off and capture enemy garrisons. Washington's enemy was not idle either. In addition to several raids on New Jersey towns and surprise attacks on outlying detachments, the British launched one operation with a far more ambitious goal: to seize Washington at the Ford mansion and carry him into New York City as a prisoner. The attack failed, but it was the deep snow--and not American bullets--that stopped the cavalry force sent to capture Washington. Enemy operations, however, were not the greatest threat to the survival of Washington's army. The harshness of the winter, the precarious state of Continental finances, and the resulting lack of provisions threatened his forces with starvation. To feed his troops, Washington implemented an emergency "requisition" of provisions throughout New Jersey. As usual, administration of the army consumed much of Washington's time. In addition to obtaining supplies, he had to oversee recruiting the army, obtaining clothing for his men, negotiating for the exchange of prisoners, and conducting inspections, as well as attending to the professionalism and discipline of the army. His burden became so heavy that in February he felt it would be "impossible" for him to execute the duties of commander in chief unless he received more support from his senior officers. Several letters to or from well-known figures of the Revolution appear in this volume, including Benedict Arnold, Benjamin Franklin, and Robert Morris. Washington's letter to Morris gives rare insight into the general's personal life. The commander in chief expressed his inclination to accept Morris's invitation to spend some of the winter with him, but he lamented that "public duty" necessitated remaining with the army at Morristown. He would, he explained to Morris, have to forgo such "social enjoyments" until the end of the war.

General Editor's Introduction Notes on the Contributors PART I: THE EARLY DECADES Introduction B.P.Scherr From the Finland Station: Ivan Konevskoi J.D.Grossman Early Twentieth-century Best-sellers and the Aesthetics of 'Mass' Consciousness A.Gracheva Shadow Narratives and the Novel: The Role of Rybin in Gorky's Mother B.P.Scherr The City as Framed Spectacle in the Works of Elena Guro M.Banjanin 'Apollion' and 'Voina': History and the Angel of Destruction in Voloshin's War Poetry A.M.Basom The Spirit of the Medieval in the Work of M.A. Voloshin A.Gibson Imagery of War and Revolution in the Poetry of Voloshin and Mandelstam N.Roklina PART II: THE POST-STALIN DECADES Introduction K.Ryan The Rhythmical Composition of Doctor Zhivago M.Langleben Coming to Terms: Ideology and Experience in Camp Literature D.Tolczyk Sinyavsky and Vonnegut: The Themes of Displacement and Alienation I.Szarycz Clash of Generations in Russian Literature: From Yurii Trifonov to Lyudmila Razumovskaya A.Krzychlkiewicz The Artistic Evolution of Vladimir Makanin (1970s-1980s) E.A.Krasnostchekova Modest Platonovich in Bitov's Pushkin House : A Theory of History and Culture H.Baker Sokolov's Palisandriya : The Art of History K.Ryan Multiple Comic Coding: Comedy, Satire and Parody in the Strugatskys' Tale Monday Begins on Saturday E.Z.Kozlowski The Seduction of the Story: Flight and 'Fall' in Tolstaya's Heavenly Flame C.Nepomnyashchy More Than One: The Doubles in Brodsky's Poetic World V.Polukhina Metafictional Strategies of Russian Post-modern Prose N.Kolesnikoff Borders and Metamorphoses: Viktor Pelevin in the Context of Post-Soviet Literature A.Genis Nationalism in Literary Criticism in Russia Today H.Mondry On the Nature of Russian Post-modernism M.Lipovetsky Index

AFTER SEVEN YEARS of teaching United States history survey courses, my department chair offered me the opportunity to teach "Introduction to the Modem World." Some of my colleagues immediately began providing unsolicited warnings regarding the difficulty of engaging students in world history and the impossibility of covering "500 years of the whole world" in sixteen weeks. However, I mustered up my courage and took on the task. I must admit that since that time not a semester has begun when I was confident my students would learn everything that I wanted them to know about the world, but the world history survey has become perhaps my favorite to teach. I found that one of the most effective means in facilitating my transition was to adapt writing assignments that I had used in United States history for the world history course. Extending the parameters in subject matter proved fulfilling for me, as it gave me a chance to broaden my own perspective and it set the stage for broadening those of my students. I had designed assignments in American history requiring students to examine primary sources, books, websites and periodicals in an effort to have them recognize various materials and sources that were valuable to historians and history scholars. I now saw an important opportunity to see them tackle the world by using these tools.

IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY, company towns existed in great number in all parts of the United States, serving many different types of industry. The term "company town" has been applied to a wide range of settings, but generally it can be defined as a community that existed to support the operations of one particular firm, in which that firm owned all of the land, houses, and other buildings and provided most public services. Firms began to develop these communities out of economic necessity. If a firm established a mine or mill in a remote location, it had to provide housing in order to attract workers. Often the firms feared selling land to those who would build privately-owned residences, because that might hinder future development. Firms therefore had to provide the systems of community regulation and services required by a residential population. Company towns often recruited workers from ethnic minority groups, such as blacks, Hispanics, and recent European immigrants, to fill the need for inexpensive labor. In most U.S. cities and towns, members of minority groups were usually forced to accept lower standards of housing and services. But in company towns, because of the complete control with which they were planned and operated, the place of ethnic minorities was particularly easy to manipulate. The housing types, layout, and social structure of company towns were very clearly stratified by class and ethnicity. This reflected the attitudes of many Americans in the early twentieth century, but the arrangements that companies made for minority housing also reflected specific corporate strategies to improve productivity and maintain social peace.1 The Pittsburgh Reduction Company established Bauxite, Arkansas, as one of these company towns just after 1900. Located about twenty-two miles southwest of Little Rock, the state capital, and about five miles from Benton, the Saline County seat, the town centered upon the mining and processing of bauxite, the ore used in making aluminum. Over the years, the company underwent several reorganizations and mergers, and at different times it was known as the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, the Aluminum Company of America, the American Bauxite Company, the Republic Mining and Manufacturing Company, the Alcoa Mining Company and, finally, Alcoa. These changes had little effect on the town, however. The only name used by the residents was "the Company."2 The growth of Bauxite was not steady, but varied according to the economics of the aluminum industry. The town almost closed in 1907 when a world-wide depression brought bauxite production to a halt in Arkansas, but operations resumed a year later.3 The town began to grow steadily around 1912, and then rapidly as World War I suddenly increased demand for aluminum. After the war, orders declined, but production picked back up in 1920 resulting in another burst of rapid growth in Bauxite. In 1921, demand for Arkansas bauxite suddenly dropped, due, in part, to imports from South America. Production returned to a steady level in the midtwenties, however. Production was predictably low during the depression years of the early 1930s, but skyrocketed again during World War II. With the exception of the war boom, the community's population fluctuated between 2,000 and 2,500 from the 1920s through the 1950s.4 A typical company town, Bauxite operated with efficiency, productivity, and social order as its primary goals. The company had a strong paternal presence in the town and sought to reduce labor discontent by fostering community spirit and providing services for employees, such as housing, schools, and medical care. The layout of the town was not professionally planned, but its seemingly haphazard arrangement was not atypical of rural company towns. The main part of town, which included the mill, offices, stores, and churches, was not centrally located, and there was a random network of streets connecting clusters of houses. …

Labov's early formulation of the importance of evaluation in narrative (1972: 366-375) stimulated the investigation of evaluation in storytelling by a wide range of scholars, including folklorists (Bauman 1975:290-234; Robinson 1981), linguists (Polanyi 1979), and anthropologists (Watson 1973). Labov argued that evaluation, the means by which the narrator indicates "the point of the naITative, its raison d'etre: why it was told, and what the narrator is getting at" was perhaps "the most important element in addition to the basic narrative clause" (Labov'.1972:366) In this paper I want to explore the notion that evaluation is a critical component of a story's telling by not only investigating the procedures through which a narrator evaluates events she is recounting (cueing her recipients as to her alignment and affect towards these events), but also how recipients themselves may shape the evolving telling event by offering their own, sometimes competing, evaluations.