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Recent outbreaks of human coronaviruses, officially named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), have put health authorities worldwide on a high alert. Firstly emerged in the city of Wuhan, China, SARS-CoV-2 infection is rapidly escalating into a global pandemic. It is first thought as the result of a zoonotic transmission event, similar to the previous epidemic of coronaviruses. However, a continuously increasing number of confirmed cases indicates that the virus gains capacity of efficient human-to-human transmission. Soon after the pandemic is arising, many efforts are focused on identifying the origin of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the human population. Current evidence suggests that the virus is probably derived from bat or pangolin coronaviruses as the natural host. Whether intermediate host(s) exist in the transmission cascade from bat or pangolin to humans is, to a great extent, elusive. This information is essential as the basis for infection prevention and control measures. In this review, we discuss our recent understanding of SARS-CoV-2 biology, highlighting its origin and molecular evolution.

Staphylococcus epidermidis normally is a commensal inhabitant of healthy human skin and mucosa, but also a common nosocomial pathogen in immunocompromised patients, neonates, and patients with indwelling medical devices. To distinguish the pathogen and commensal strain is a big challenge when identifying this agent with its related infection. This mini-review aims to summarize recent research in this area with a special emphasis on the virulence factor of generating genotypic and phenotypic diversity in S. epidermidis . By living between a commensal and pathogen, S. epidermidis needed to establish many strategies to face different clinical environments, including the new ecological niche of biomaterials. In addition, the growing number of immunocompromised patients increased the risk for a very sensitive host. However, further exploration of the relationship between virulence factor and in vivo pathogenesis is still needed. According to the virulence factor of these bacteria, which are considered as a real pathogen, strict control measures should be taken for S. epidermidis infection.

Background : Cancer of the uterine cervix (cervical cancer) is one of the most common malignant neoplasm in women in developing countries and remains a major public health problem worldwide. Several studies have proved the role of HPV as an agent STD (sexually transmitted disease), in the pathogenesis of Cervical cancer, beside the other risk factors.Objective : The aim of this study was to know the frequence of HPV infection in Yogyakarta.Material and Methods : 44 samples of Cervical cancer biopsies were collected from Sardjito General Hospital, Bethesda Hospital and private doctors, and stored frozen. DNA isolated from the biopsies of cervical cancer was amplified by PCR using consensus primer (CP I and CP IIG) from El ORF (188 bp) of HPV.Result : HPV DNA was detected in 84.1 % of the samples. In CIN I, 20 % samples were infected with HPV, 100 % in Ca epidermoid, 66.4 % in adeno Ca and 0 % in Ca adenosquamosaConclusion : The frequency of HPV in cervical Ca biopsies of certain histopathological status in Yogyakarta by PCR method was proved to be very high.Key words : HPV infection - cervical Ca - biopsy - PCR

Biofilm mode of growth is bacterial lifestyle widespread in microbial world and represents a concern in health care. Recently, serious problem concerning biofilm-related infection is increasing significantly. However complexity of biofilm makes it difficult to conduct proper analysis. Although biofilm represents a major challenge for microbiologist, methods aimed to determine biofilm formation and development are not standardized yet. The aim of the present review was to provide an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of the difference in vitro methods for determining biofilm forming ability of clinical isolates.