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Preeclampsia is one of the main causes of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. The pathogenesis of preeclampsia remains unclear until now. It is believed that regulation of apoptosis in trophoblast cells plays an important role in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Failure of spiral arteries remodeling will eventually lead to placental hypoxia lead to excessive trophoblast apoptosis. The molecular mechanism of apoptosis is very complicated involving many signaling molecules included Bcl-2 proteins. The Bcl- 2 protein group consists of proapoptosis proteins (Bax) and apoptosis inhibitor proteins (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL). The aimed of this stuty was to compare the expression of Bcl-xL protein in placental trophoblast cells of pregnancy complicated by severe preeclampsia with that normotensive pregnancy. This study was an observational study with cross sectional design involving 43 pregnancy patients with severe preeclampsia and 38 normotensive pregnancy who treated in Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta from October 2011 until March 2012. Placenta samples were obtained from all subjects for Bcl-xL protein expression analysis using immunohistochemistry technique. Data were analyzed using independent t-test, chi-square test, and logistic regression. A p value

Telah diketahui bahwa untuk aktivasi limfosit B diperlukan faktor pertumbuhan yang disebut limfokin atau sitokin. Banyak bukti menunjukkan bahwa limfosit T yang teraktivasi menghasilkan substansi yang dapat memacu proliferasi atau diferensiasi limfosit B. Dewasa ini telah dapat diidentifikasi berbagai limfokin yang disebut sebagai interleukin (IL) seperti IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 dan IL-7 yang ikut berperan dalam aktivasi sel B. Namun, mekanisme aktivasi sel B oleh limfokin sampai sekarang masih terus berkembang dan dipelajari. Untuk dapat lebih memahami aktivasi sel B, dalam penelitian ini telah dilakukan pembuatan suatu T cell line, dan telah dikarakterisasi, yakni menunjukkan fenotipe Thyl+, Lyt1+2+, Dalam penelitian ini berbagai aktivator poliklonal lipopolysaccharide (LPS), ConA, dextran sulfat dipakai untuk memacu T cell line menghasilkan limfokin. Aktivitas limfokin pada supernatannya kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan blastogenesis assay dengan 3H-thymidine dan hemolytic plaque assay.Hash penelitian menunjukkan bahwa T cell line menghasilkan faktor pertumbuhan yang memacu proliferasi sel B (B cell growth factor II = BCGF II atau IL-5) dan faktor yang memacu sel B untuk berdiferensiasi (B cell differentiating factor = BCDF atau IL- 6) dan menghasilkan igM dan IgG.Key words : blastogenesis assay -- hemolitic plaque assay -- B cell activation -- T cell line -- lymphokines

Five major structural types of immunoglobulin in man can be distinguished. i. e. immunoglobulin G (abbreviated to IgG), IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE. Each type of immunoglobulin can synthesize specific antibody according to the inducing antigen. The specificity of immunoglobulin molecule is found in the antigen-binding fragment.Actually the specificity and the diversity of the immunoglobulin is controlled by the gene in the chromosome. The diversity and where the assembly of immunoglobulins is held are described.Key Words: immunoglobulin - antigen-binding fragment - central dogma - protein synthesis - germ line theory

Background : Mahkota dewa (Pheleria macrocarpa (Scheff, Boerl) is an herbal medicine which has been used since many years as traditional medicine in Indonesia against infections.Objective: The study was aimed to know the effect of mahkota dewa extract on cellular immune response, in particular NK1.1 cell activities.Methods: Forty C57BL/6 mice used in this study were divided into 8 groups. In this study, different doses of etanolic extract of mahkota dewa leaf were used i.e. 1.05 mg, 2.1 mg, and 4.2 mg/20g BW. Groups I, II, and III were treated with 1 mg, 2.1 mg, and 4.2 mg/20 g BW of the extract daily for 30 days. In group IV, V, and VI the extract was given simultaneously during 30 days, then the mice were infected with 104 cfu of Listeria monocytogenes (A TCC-191151 for stimulating their immune responses. Whereas group VII was untreated control group, and group VIII received only Listeria monocytogenes. All mice were then sacrificed 48 hours after the last treatment. Splenocyte NK1.1 cells were collected then cultured with YAC-1 (ATCC:TIB 1601 target cells for killing activity assay, expressing NKG2D, CD122 and IFNy assay. Results: The results showed that an oral administration of the extract significantly increased the killing activity of splenic NK 1.1 cell against the target, Y AC-1 cell. Moreover, the extract promoted the secretion of IFN-y from NK1.1 cells, and also induced expression of both surface molecule NKG2D and CD 122. The strongest effect stimulation was on the dosis of 2.1 mg/20 g BW.Conclusion: The extract had effect to augment splenic NK1.1 cell activities, as indicated by increasing their killing activity, expression of surface molecules and IFN-y production.Key words: pha/eria macrocarpa - splenic NK1.1 cell activity - YAC-1 cell - IFNy - NKG2D and CD122 surface molecules

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the type of cancer related to multiple risk factors, including infection by Epstein Barr Virus (EBV). Standard treatment of NPC involves radiotherapy and chemotherapy in local and advanced tumors, while metastatic cases are treated with systemic chemotherapy. However, there is limited data on the causes of tumor recurrence, resistance, and progression. Moreover, the initial symptoms of NPC were often neglected until later enlarged, thus making it difficult to manage. MicroRNA (miRNA) is short molecule with 18-24 nucleotides and functions as protein-expression regulator protein in post-transcription. This study was aimed to determine miRNA expression and its relationship with the incidence of NPC. miR-21 and miR-29c were known to be involved in the development of NPC and resistance. A total of 51 plasma samples and 17 tissue samples were collected from Dharmais Hospital. The samples were taken from 17 untreated patients, 17 treated patients, and 17 healthy participants as control. We examined miRNA, protein of protein EBV (EBNA), and c-Myc expression using immunohistochemistry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Our study revealed an increased expression of miR-21 and decreased expression of miR-29c in patients with NPC. There was also a correlation between the regulation of expression of miR-21 and c-Myc in the treated group of patients, and decreased expression in patients with complete response (CR) (4.13 ± 3.65: 2.74 ± 3.23; p

Ovarian cancer has the problem turned out to be the greatest and almost half the death rate of mortality throughout gynecological malignancy. Ovarian cancer is found in the female reproductive organs and the second most common cancer after cervical cancer. The process of carcinogenesis of ovarian cancer occurs at the molecular level, regulated by microRNA. At in silico research that has been done, it is known that microRNA-155 (miR-155) targeted mRNA HIF1A which is the regulator genes in hypoxia conditions. HIF1A involved in various cancer hallmarks, where some of them have roles in Warburg effect and also as genetical transcription factors in angiogenesis. Regulation of miR-155 and mRNA HIF1A believed to be involved in the process of ovarian cancer progression and thus potentially as minimally invasive biomarker for prognosis. The aim of this study is to determine whether there are differences in the expression of miR-155 and mRNA HIF1A in plasma ovarian cancer patients at the early stage compared with the advanced stage. The samples using blood plasma from ovarian cancer patients RSUP Dr. Sardjito with 32 ovarian cancer patients early stages and 20 ovarian cancer patients advanced stages. Total RNA was isolated from blood plasma samples of ovarian cancer patients. cDNA synthesis from total RNA was performed to obtain cDNA. The expression of miR-155 and HIF1A were calculated using qPCR. qPCR results were analyzed using Biorad CFX Manager Software. The analysis showed that the expression of miR-155 were 2,18 times lower (p-value = 0,018*) in the plasma of advanced stage ovarian cancer compared with early stage, the differences were statistically significant (p value≤ 0,05). Whereas the mRNA expression HIF1A were 2,46 times higher (p-value = 0,039*) in the plasma of advanced stage ovarian cancer compared with early stage, the differences were statistically significant (p value≤ 0,05). This study has proved that miR-155 expression is downregulated and followed by upregulation of mRNA expression HIF1A at an advanced stage ovarian cancer compared with early stage. Keywords : Plasma, stage ovarian cancer, microRNA-155, mRNA HIF1A

Breast cancer has emerged as the most common cancer-related mortality among women worldwide. Therefore, early cancer detection using biomarkers such as microRNA is needed. One of microRNAs that has an important role in breast cancer development is miR-155. Hsa-miR-155-5p is an oncomir that is commonly dysregulated in breast cancer. This study aims to determine the expression of hsa-miR-155-5p in breast cancer patient’s plasma before and after chemotherapy. We collected 64 samples from breast cancer patients admitted to Dr. Sardjito Hospital in Yogyakarta. RNA from plasma was extracted using RNA Isolation Kit miRCURY-Biofluid. cDNA synthesis was performed using cDNA Synthesis kit II and quantification of miR-155-5p using ExiLent SYBR Green master mix (Exiqon). qRT-PCR results were then analyzed with Livak's method and compared (before and after chemotherapy) with t-test. Expression of miR-155-5p in the breast cancer patients’ plasma after chemotherapy was significantly increased (10.59 times) when compared to before chemotherapy (p = 0.001). We concluded that there was upregulated expression of miR-155-5p after chemotherapy than before chemotherapy. There has not been a known, relevant pathway between hsa-miR-155-5p and chemotherapy regimens nor resistance to chemotherapy. Keywords: Breast cancer, plasma, hsa-miR-155-5p, oncomiR, chemotherapy.