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Acute-on-chronic liver failure （ACLF） is a syndrome characterized by the rapid progression of organ failure and has a high short-term mortality rate. Kidney is one of the most frequently affected extrahepatic organs in ACLF patients. Recently Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver （APASL） published APASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of acute kidney injury in acute-on-chronic liver failure, which proposed related consensus statements and recommendations for the early diagnosis, pathophysiology, prevention, and management of acute kidney injury in patients with ACLF, and it also highlighted the need for more high-quality studies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial liver support system is one of the important therapies for liver failure, and in recent years, the role of nonbioartificial liver support system in the treatment of liver failure has been gradually recognized, with wide application in non-liver failure diseases. In clinical practice, various factors should be considered to reasonably select the timing and mode of non-bioartificial liver support therapy, and standardized, individualized, and precise treatment and optimal combination of different modes are the trend of the clinical application of artificial liver support therapy. There have been constant improvements in the key techniques of bioartificial liver support system such as seed cell source and bioreactor, and some of them have entered the stage of clinical trial. Although remarkable progress has been made in the clinical practice and research of artificial liver support therapy, there are still many challenges, and it is urgently needed to solve the problems of how to further improve its efficacy and safety through technological innovation and combination optimization and how to obtain higher-level evidence-based medical evidence through high-quality clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Hepatology / Linchuang Gandanbing Zazhi is the property of Journal of Clinical Hepatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Acute－on－chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a common clinical syndrome of severe liver disease characterized by a high short－term mortality rate in clinical practice. Therefore, early and accurate evaluation of the prognosis of ACLF patients is of great significance for making clinical decisions and improving prognosis. This article reviews the recent research advances in markers for the prognostic evaluation of ACLF, in order to improve the existing prognostic evaluation system, assist clinicians in providing timely and appropriate clinical intervention, and further reduce the mortality rate of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the risk factors for rebleeding within 5 years and the influencing factors for 5 — year survival in patients with liver cirrhosis and severe esophagogastric variceal bleeding ( EVB). Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for 129 patients with liver cirrhosis who attended Tianjin Third Central Hospital from May 2012 to May 2014 due to severe EVB for the first time, with a fol-low — up time of 5 years. Related clinical data were analyzed, including age, sex, cause of liver cirrhosis, presence or absence of infection at the first time of bleeding, liver stiffness measurement ( LSM), splenic stiffness measurement ( SSM), portal vein diameter, biochemical parameters, rebleeding time, and prognosis. Esophagogastric variceal rebleeding was defined as the primary endpoint and death was defined as the secondary endpoint. The t — test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups, and the chi — square test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups; a logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the independent risk factors for re-bleeding, and a Cox regression analysis was used to analyze the predictive indicators for 5 — year survival in EVB patients; the Kaplan —Meier curve was used to analyze the cumulative non — rebleeding rate. Results Among the 129 patients, 87(67.4% ) experienced rebleed-ing during follow — up. There were significant differences between the rebleeding group and the non — rebleeding group in the proportion of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis (y2 =4.896, P =0. 027 ), portal vein diameter (t =2.203, P = 0.030), LSM( Z = —2.771, P =0.006), and SSM ( t =2. 678, P = 0. 010). The patients with alcoholic cirrhosis had a significantly higher mean number of times of bleeding than those with non — alcoholic cirrhosis ( all P <0.05 ). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that alcoholic cirrhosis ( odds ratio [ OR] =5.687, 95% confidence interval [ C/] : 1.230 — 26. 129, P = 0. 025 ), LSM ( OR = 1. 039, 95% Cl: 1. 010 — 1. 070, P = 0.007), and SSM( OR =1. 078, 95% Cl: 1. 028 — 1. 129, P = O. 001 ) were independent risk factors for rebleeding within 5 years after treatment in EVB patients. Among the 129 patients, 45 ( 34.9%) died. The univariate Cox regression analysis showed that there were sig-nificant differences between the death group and the survival group in age, times of bleeding, mean arterial pressure, portal vein diameter, aspartate aminotransferase, lymphocyte percentage, and presence or absence of infection at the first time of bleeding ( all P < 0. 05 ). Further multivariate analysis showed that 5 — year survival rate was associated with portal vein diameter ( OR = 1. 459, 95% Cl: 1. 056 —2. 014, P = 0. 022 ), age ( OR =1. 053, 95% Cl: 1.006 —1. 103, P = 0. 026 ), times of bleeding ( OR =1. 286, 95% Cl: 1.010 —1.591, P = 0.020), and presence or absence of infection at the first time of bleeding ( OR =5. 239, 95% Cl: 1.750 —15.641, P = 0.003 ). Conclusion Alcoholic cirrhosis, LSM, and SSM are independent risk factors for rebleeding within 5 yews in EVB patients, and age, times of bleeding, portal vein diameter, and presence or absence of infection at the first tint of bleeding are associated with 5 — year survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malnutrition, sarcopenia, and osteoporosis are common nutrition - related complications in patients with liver cirrhosis. Sarcopenia is an important manifestation of malnutrition, while malnutrition and sarcopenia are risk factors for osteoporosis. There is a close relationship among them, and they all have adverse effects on the clinical outcomes and prognosis of patients with liver cirrhosis. Therefore, it is necessary to identify them as early as possible and take active measures for prevention and treatment. Insufficient intake of nutrients, metabolic disorders, abnormal hormone levels, and lack of physical activity all contribute to the development of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and osteoporosis in patients with liver cirrhosis. In addition, medications commonly used in the treatment of liver diseases, such as glucocorticoids and some antiviral drugs, may have potential impact on bone metabolism, which needs to be taken seriously in clinical practice. Reasonable nutritional intervention, appropriate exercise, and treatment of underlying diseases are the basis of the prevention and treatment of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and osteoporosis. Some targeted drugs can improve these nutrition - related complications, which needs to be confirmed by further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-bioartificial liver is one of the important means for the treatment of liver failure and has been increasingly recognized in recent years,and meanwhile,it has also been widely used in non-liver failure diseases. This article reviews the application of non-bioartificial liver in the treatment of some non-liver failure diseases,including refractory pruritus caused by cholestasis,"cytokine storm"caused by various viral infections,hyperlipidemia,thyroid storm,and nervous system diseases,so as to provide a reference for clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, there is still a lack of uniform treatment strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma( HCC). Immunotherapy, especially PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors, is a novel therapy for HCC and can bring survival benefits to patients with advanced HCC. However, research data show that only a small number of HCC patients can benefit from this treatment regimen. To date, few biomarkers have been reported to predict the clinical effect of PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors in HCC patients. This article reviews the biomarkers studied for HCC and other tumors and explores the possible predictive factors for the clinical effect of PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors in HCC, in order to optimize the selection of treatment population and improve the clinical effect of PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Hepatology / Linchuang Gandanbing Zazhi is the property of Journal of Clinical Hepatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ Ｔｏ ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｅ ｔｈｅ ｅｆｆｅｃｔ ｏｆ ｒｅｃｏｍｂｉｎａｎｔ ｈｕｍａｎ ｇｒａｎｕｌｏｃｙｔｅ ｃｏｌｏｎｙ － ｓｔｉｍｕｌａｔｉｎｇ ｆａｃｔｏｒ （ｒｈＧ － ＣＳＦ）ｏｎ ａｃｕｔｅ ｌｉｖｅｒ ｆａｉｌｕｒｅ （ＡＬＦ）ｉｎｄｕｃｅｄ ｂｙ Ｄ － ｇａｌａｃｔｏｓａｍｉｎｅ （Ｄ － ＧａｌＮ）ｉｎ ｒａｔｓ． Ｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ Ａ ｔｏｔａｌ ｏｆ １０５ ｍａｌｅ Ｓｐｒａｇｕｅ － Ｄａｗｌｅｙ ｒａｔｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｒａｎｄｏｍｌｙ ｄｉ ｖｉｄｅｄ ｉｎｔｏ ｈｅａｌｔｈｙ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ ｇｒｏｕｐ，ｌｉｖｅｒ ｆａｉｌｕｒｅ ｍｏｄｅｌ ｇｒｏｕｐ，ａｎｄ ｒｈＧ － ＣＳＦ ｇｒｏｕｐ，ｗｉｔｈ ３５ ｒａｔｓ ｉｎ ｅａｃｈ ｇｒｏｕｐ． Ａ ｒａｔ ｍｏｄｅｌ ｏｆ ＡＬＦ ｗａｓ ｅｓｔａｂ ｌｉｓｈｅｄ ｂｙ ｉｎｔｒａｐｅｒｉｔｏｎｅａｌ ｉｎｊｅｃｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ Ｄ － ＧａｌＮ （１４００ ｍｇ／ ｋｇ）． Ａｌａｎｉｎｅ ａｍｉｎｏｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒａｓｅ （ＡＬＴ）ｌｅｖｅｌ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｌｉｖｅｒ，ｔｏｔａｌ ｂｉｌｉｒｕｂｉｎ （ＴＢｉｌ）， ｐｅｒｉｐｈｅｒａｌ ｂｌｏｏｄ ｌｅｕｋｏｃｙｔｅ ｃｏｕｎｔ，ａｎｄ ｌｉｖｅｒ ｐａｔｈｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ ｃｈａｎｇｅｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｏｂｓｅｒｖｅｄ ａｔ １２，２４，４８，７２，ａｎｄ １２０ ｈｏｕｒｓ ａｆｔｅｒ ｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｇ，ａｎｄ ｓｕｒ ｖｉｖａｌ ｒａｔｅ ｗａｓ ｏｂｓｅｒｖｅｄ ａｔ １２０ ｈｏｕｒｓ ａｆｔｅｒ ｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｇ． Ａ ｏｎｅ － ｗａｙ ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ ｏｆ ｖａｒｉａｎｃｅ ｗａｓ ｕｓｅｄ ｆｏｒ ｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎ ｏｆ ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｏｕｓ ｄａｔａ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ，ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ＬＳＴ － ｔ ｔｅｓｔ ｗａｓ ｕｓｅｄ ｆｏｒ ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ ｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｔｗｏ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ． Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ Ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｌｉｖｅｒ ｆａｉｌｕｒｅ ｍｏｄｅｌ ｇｒｏｕｐ，ｔｈｅ ｒｈＧ － ＣＳＦ ｇｒｏｕｐ ｈａｄ ａ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ ｈｉｇｈｅｒ ｄｅｇｒｅｅ ｏｆ ｈｅｐａｔｏｃｙｔｅ ｄｅｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｎｅｃｒｏｓｉｓ ａｔ ａｌｌ ｔｉｍｅ ｐｏｉｎｔｓ ｅｘｃｅｐｔ １２０ ｈｏｕｒｓ ａｆｔｅｒ ｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｇ，ａｎｄ ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｌｉｖｅｒ ｆａｉｌｕｒｅ ｍｏｄｅｌ ｇｒｏｕｐ ａｔ １２０ ｈｏｕｒｓ ａｆｔｅｒ ｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｇ，ｔｈｅ ｒｈＧ － ＣＳＦ ｇｒｏｕｐ ｈａｄ ｂｅｔｔｅｒ ｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｙ ｏｆ ｌｏｂｕｌａｒ ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ ｏｎ ＨＥ ｓｔａｉｎｉｎｇ． Ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｌｉｖｅｒ ｆａｉｌｕｒｅ ｍｏｄｅｌ ｇｒｏｕｐ，ｔｈｅ ｒｈＧ － ＣＳＦ ｇｒｏｕｐ ｈａｄ ａ ｔｅｎｄｅｎｃｙ ｏｆ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔａｇｅ ｏｆ ｃｅｌｌｓ ｗｉｔｈ ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ ｔｕｍｏｒ ｎｅｃｒｏｓｉｓ ｆａｃｔｏｒ － α ａｔ ｔｈｅ ｆｉｖｅ ｔｉｍｅ ｐｏｉｎｔｓ ａｆｔｅｒ ｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｇ． Ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｌｉｖｅｒ ｆａｉｌｕｒｅ ｍｏｄｅｌ ｇｒｏｕｐ，ｔｈｅ ｒｈＧ － ＣＳＦ ｇｒｏｕｐ ｈａｄ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ ｈｉｇｈｅｒ ｌｅｖｅｌｓ ｏｆ ＡＬＴ ａｎｄ ＴＢｉｌ ａｔ ａｌｌ ｆｉｖｅ ｔｉｍｅ ｐｏｉｎｔｓ． Ｂｏｔｈ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ ｈａｄ ａ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ ｃｈａｎｇｅ ｉｎ ＡＬＴ ｌｅｖｅｌ ａｔ ２４ ｈｏｕｒｓ ａｆｔｅｒ ｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｇ （Ｐ ＜０． ０５），ａｓ ｗｅｌｌ ａｓ ａ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ ｃｈａｎｇｅ ｉｎ ＴＢｉｌ ａｔ ２４，４８，ａｎｄ １２０ ｈｏｕｒｓ ａｆｔｅｒ ｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｇ （Ｐ ＜０． ０５）． Ｔｈｅ ｒｈＧ － ＣＳＦ ｇｒｏｕｐ ｈａｄ ａ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ ｈｉｇｈｅｒ ｐｅｒｉｐｈｅｒａｌ ｂｌｏｏｄ ｌｅｕｋｏｃｙｔｅ ｃｏｕｎｔ ｔｈａｎ ｔｈｅ ｌｉｖｅｒ ｆａｉｌｕｒｅ ｍｏｄｅｌ ｇｒｏｕｐ ａｔ ａｌｌ ｆｉｖｅ ｔｉｍｅ ｐｏｉｎｔｓ （ａｌｌ Ｐ ＜ ０ ０５）． Ｔｈｅｒｅ ｗａｓ ｎｏ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ ｉｎ ｓｕｒｖｉｖａｌ ｒａｔｅ ａｔ １２０ ｈｏｕｒｓ ａｆｔｅｒ ｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｇ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｔｈｅ ｔｗｏ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ （Ｐ ＞０． ０５）． Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ Ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｒｈＧ － ＣＳＦ ｄｕｒｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｓｔａｇｅ ｏｆ ａｃｕｔｅ ｉｎｆｌａｍｍａｔｏｒｙ ｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ＡＬＦ ｍａｙ ａｇｇｒａｖａｔｅ ｌｉｖｅｒ ｉｎｆｌａｍｍａｔｏｒｙ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ． [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Hepatology / Linchuang Gandanbing Zazhi is the property of Journal of Clinical Hepatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Hepatology / Linchuang Gandanbing Zazhi is the property of Journal of Clinical Hepatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Willi an increasing prevalence all over ihe world, diabetes mellitus is considered as a potential cause of liver cancer in patients wilh non — viral hepatitis. Whether diabetes mellitus is the cause ol liver cancer and related pathogenesis remain unknown. The article reviews recent large — sample cohort studies and confirms that diabetes mellitus increases the incidence rate of liver cancer and affects its prognosis. This article also investigates the association of hepatitis C, obesity. and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with diabetes mellitus and liver cancer and finds that insulin resistance and activation ol chronic inflammatory factors may be involved in the generation and prolileralion of cancer cells. This article elaborates on the influence of anti — insulin resistance drugs on the development and progression ol liver cancer and points out that diabetes mellitus may be the cause ol liver cancer. Effective control of insulin resistance can help to reduce the development and progression of diabetes - associated liver cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver failure is a severe clinical syndrome of liver disease with high mortality. Although great achievements have been made in the research on liver failure in recent years, there are still controversies over many issues including the classification, diagnostic criteria, and treatment of liver failure. The pathogenesis of liver failure needs to be further clarified, and innovative strategies for diagnosis and treatment need to be further explored. Therefore, the clinical and basic research on liver failure should be further strengthened to improve the comprehensive diagnosis and treatment level of liver failure and continuously reduce the mortality rate of liver failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ｍｏｔｈｅｒ - ｔｏ - ｃｈｉｌｄ ｔｒａｎｓｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ ｉｓ ｏｎｅ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ ｒｏｕｔｅｓ ｏｆ ｈｅｐａｔｉｔｉｓ Ｂ ｖｉｒｕｓ （ＨＢＶ）ａｎｄ ｈｅｐａｔｉｔｉｓ Ｃ ｖｉｒｕｓ （ＨＣＶ）ｉｎｆｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ ｉｎ Ｃｈｉｎａ. Ａｓ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ ｎｅｏｎａｔｅｓ ｗｈｏｓｅ ｍｏｔｈｅｒｓ ａｒｅ ｉｎｆｅｃｔｅｄ ｗｉｔｈ ＨＢＶ，ａ ｃｏｍｂｉｎｅｄ ｉｎjｅｃｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｈｅｐａｔｉｔｉｓ Ｂ ｖａｃｃｉｎｅ ａｎｄ ｉｍｍｕｎｏｇｌｏｂｕｌｉｎ ｉｓ ｕｓｅｄ ｆｏｒ ｖａｃｃｉｎａｔｉｏｎ，ａｎｄ ａｂｏｕｔ 10％ ｏｆ ｔｈｅｓｅ ｎｅｏｎａｔｅｓ ｍａｙ ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ ａ ｆａｉｌｕｒｅ. Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ，ａｓ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ ｎｅｏｎａｔｅｓ ｗｈｏｓｅ ｍｏｔｈｅｒｓ ａｒｅ ｉｎｆｅｃｔｅｄ ｗｉｔｈ ＨＣＶ，ｔｈｅｒｅ ａｒｅ ｎｏ ｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ ｆｏｒ ｂｌｏｃｋｉｎｇ ｍｏｔｈｅｒ - ｔｏ - ｃｈｉｌｄ ｔｒａｎｓｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ ｏｆ ＨＣＶ. Ｔｈｉｓ ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｓ ｔｈｅ ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ ｏｆ ｍｏｔｈｅｒ - ｔｏ - ｃｈｉｌｄ ｔｒａｎｓｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ ｏｆ ＨＢＶ ａｎｄ ＨＣＶ ａｎｄ ｒｅｌａｔｅｄ ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍｓ ａｎｄ ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｉｎｇ ｆａｃｔｏｒｓ，ａｓ ｗｅｌｌ ａｓ ｔｈｅ ｌａｔｅｓｔ ａｄｖａｎｃｅｓ ｉｎ ｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ ｆｏｒ ｂｌｏｃｋｉｎｇ， ａｎｄ ｐｏｉｎｔｓ ｏｕｔ ｔｈａｔ ｗｉｔｈ ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｓ ａｎｄ ｆｉｎｄｉｎｇｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｆｉｅｌｄ ｏｆ ｈｅｐａｔｉｔｉｓ ｖｉｒｕｓｅｓ，ｉｔ ｍａｙ ｂｅ ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ ｔｏ ｂｌｏｃｋ ｍｏｔｈｅｒ - ｔｏ - ｃｈｉｌｄ ｔｒａｎｓｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｈｅｐａｔｉｔｉｓ ｖｉｒｕｓｅｓ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute kidney injury is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis. It is characterized by a sudden drop in glomerular filtration rate, retention of metabolic waste products, water-electrolyte imbalance, and acid-base disturbance. It markedly increases mortality in cirrhotic patients. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment of acute kidney injury are essential to reduce mortality and improve prognosis. The development of the diagnostic criteria for acute kidney injury, the clinical application of new biomarkers of renal function such as cystatin C, kidney injury molecule-1, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and the management of acute kidney injury in cirrhotic patients are reviewed. Although creatinine test and monitoring of urinary output have their disadvantages, they remain the main diagnostic criteria for acute kidney injury. Development of new biomarkers for clinical use and elucidation of the underlying mechanisms of acute kidney injury have become a hotspot of basic and clinical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute - on - chronic liver failure ( ACLF) is a clinical entity encompassing an acute deterioration of liver function and failure of one or more organs, which results in high short - term mortality rate. In recent years, a number of novel prognostic markers of ACLF have e­merged and provided a basis for the treatment and prognostic evaluation of ACLF. Researches on both commonly used and novel makers for prognosis of ACLF are reviewed in order to improve the existing prognostic evaluation system and to provide a basis for the treatment andprognostic evaluation of ACLF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]