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Copyright of Journal of Clinical Hepatology / Linchuang Gandanbing Zazhi is the property of Journal of Clinical Hepatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hepatitis C virus （HCV） can develop into liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma, imposing a heavy burden on the patient’s family and the society. Hepatitis C is one of the major public threats for humans, and eliminating hepatitis C is a common goal of all humans. Direct-acting antiviral agents （DAAs） are currently a relatively safe treatment regimen for hepatitis C that can reach a relatively high cure rate and can target different HCV genotypes, making it possible to eliminate HCV infection. China actively promotes the clinical application of DAAs, accelerates drug approval, improves the accessibility of DAAs, and strengthens population intervention. National Medical Insurance Administration has gradually included DAAs in the national medical insurance directory, providing strong support for eliminating HCV infection. In response to the WHO’s goal of eliminating viral hepatitis as a public health hazard by 2030, China has successively released national strategic plans and action plans in recent years, making significant achievements in HCV infection elimination, forming a joint prevention and control system across multiple sectors of the society, and ultimately achieving the goal of eliminating HCV infection. With a focus on the current status of HCV infection in China and prominent prevention and control strategies, this article analyzes and summarizes the practical process of the prevention, control, and micro-elimination of HCV infection, in order to provide a policy reference for carrying out HCV elimination in China and help to achieve the goal of comprehensive elimination of HCV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tumor microenvironment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor is a tumor-promoting microenvironment composed of tumor cells, immune/immunosuppressive cells, and extracellular matrix and has the marked feature of immunosuppression.It can lead to the immune escape, invasion, and metastasis of tumor cells by inhibiting antitumor immune response and promo ting angiogenesis and is also the main cause of drug resistance to antitumor treatment. Therefore, it is of great significance to design new therapeutic strategies from the perspective of the tumor microenvironment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor to re verse suppressive tumor microenvironment and improve the treatment outcome of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. This article reviews the latest research advances in the composition and role of the tumor microenvironment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor and related targeted therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Hepatology / Linchuang Gandanbing Zazhi is the property of Journal of Clinical Hepatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To investigate the prevalence rate of occult HBV infection (OBI) in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and the influence of OBI in the clinical condition and prognosis of AIH patients. Methods A total of 103 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of AIH who were admitted to Beijing YouAn Hospital from April 2012 to March 2019 were enrolled. Nested PCR and real-time PCR were used to confirm the diagnosis of OBI, and real-time PCR was used to measure HBV pgRNA. Clinical features, laboratory markers, and follow-up analysis of prognosis were compared between the OBI group with 24 patients and the non-OBI group with 79 patients. The independent samples t-test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups, and the Mann-Whitney U rank sum test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between two groups; the chi-square test or the Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to plot survival curves, and the Cox regression model was used to perform univariate and multivariate analyses. Hazard ratio and its 95% confidence interval were calculated. Results The detection rate of OBI was 23.30% (24/103) in AIH patients, with an HBV DNA viral load of <200 IU/mL, among whom 9 patients with OBI (9/24, 37.50%) were found to have HBV pgRNA in serum. Compared with the non-OBI group, the OBI group had a significantly higher positive rate of the three antibodies anti-HBs, anti-HBc, and anti-HBe (χ²=5.906, P=0.016). The univariate analysis showed that OBI, hypoproteinemia, splenomegaly, and ascites were risk factors for adverse events in AIH (all P<0.05) and were associated with disease progression, and the multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that hypoproteinemia and ascites were independent risk factors for adverse events (all P<0.05). Conclusion There is a relatively high detection rate of OBI in AIH patients, and the presence of OBI may accelerate the progression of AIH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autoimmune hepatitis ( AIH ) - related hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC) is defined as HCC that develops on the basis of long - term AIH and has a relatively low incidence rate of 0 - 6% . The risk factors for HCC in AIH patients include old age, male sex, diabetes, alcohol use, AIH recurrence and persistent alanine aminotransferase abnormalities, failure in immunosuppressive therapy and related treatments, and long - term liver cirrhosis. Liver cirrhosis is an important stage for the development of HCC in AIH, and the incidence rate of HCC increases significantly after AIH progresses to liver cirrhosis. At present, there are few reports on the mechanism of HCC in AIH, which may be associated with the changes in specific molecular biological characteristics ( including chromosomes, telomeres, and genes) induced by liver cirrhosis, the cell death - inflammation - cancer pathway, and intestinal microecological disorders. It is of great importance to identify the AIH population at a high risk of HCC in a timely manner and enhance intervention, follow - up, and monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune liver diseases has always been a hot a rea of research. Pathogen infections can elicit an autoimmune response and often become the key pathogenic factor of immune diseases. Based on the literature data and the author' s clinical experience, this review will briefly introduce the role and influence of pathogen infections in the development and progression of autoimmune liver diseases from the aspects such as molecular mimicry mechanism, in order to further understand the pathogenesis of autoimmune liver diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Hepatology / Linchuang Gandanbing Zazhi is the property of Journal of Clinical Hepatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) remain unclear and are currently considered to be associated with genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. Regulatory T (Treg) cells play an immunosuppressive role by secreting IL-10 and TGFβ, while T helper 17 (Th17) cells mainly promote inflammatory response, suggesting that Treg cells, Th17 cells, and the dynamic balance between them may be involved in the development and progression of AIH; however, further studies are needed to explore related participation mechanisms. This article reviews the association between Treg/Th17 cells and AIH in recent years and elaborates on their mechanism of action and therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the effect of hypoxia -inducible factor-l αx (HIF- l αx) on the sternness and epirubicin sensitivity of hepatoma cells. Methods Hepatoma cells were selected for experiment. HepG2 hepatoma cells transfected with HIF - l αx overexpression plasmid were selected as experimental group, and those transfected with pcDNA3. 1 empty plasmid were selected as control group ; HepG2 cells alone were selected as HepG2 group. Quantitative real - time PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of HIF - 1 αx; Western blot was used to measure the protein expression of HIF - lαx ; flow cytometry was used to measure the expression of CD133 on the surface of hepatoma cells. The three groups of cells were treated with epirubicin at different concentrations ( 0, 6. 25, 12. 5, 25, and 50 µ,mol/L) for 24 hours; MTI assay was used to measure cell viability, and flow cytometry was used to measure apoptosis after treatment with epirubicin (50 µ,mol/L) . A one - way analysis of variance was used for comparison of continuous data between multiple groups, and the t -test was used for further comparison between two groups. Results Compared with the HepG2 group and the control group, the experimental group had a significant increase in the mRN A expression of HIF - 1 αx (both P < 0. 001), and Wes tern blot showed high expression of HIF - 1 αx in the experimental group. The percentage of CD133 cells was 0. 040% ± 0. 003% in the HepG2 group, 0. 030% ± 0. 010% in the control group, and 20. 110% ±0. 600% in the experimental group, and the experimental group had a significantly higher positive rate of CD133 + than the HepG2 group and the control group (both P <0. 001 ) . At an epirubicin concentration of 25 and 50 µ,mol/L, the HepG2 group and the control group had significantly inhibited cell viability and a significantly lower cell viability than the experimental group ( both P < 0. 05 ) . After the treatment with 50 µ,mol/L epirubicin for 48 hours, the experimental group had a significantly lower cell apoptosis rate than the HepG2 group (67 . 9% ±2. 5% vs 93 . 6% ± 1. 5%, P < 0. 001 ) and the control group (67. 9% ± 2. 5% vs 93 . 0% ± 1. 2%, P < 0. 001). Conclusion HepG2 cells are successfully transfected with HIF - l αx overexpression plasmid, and HIF - l αx can increase the percentage of liver cancer stem cells and improve their resistance to epirubicin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although great achievements have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer in the past several decades,the5-year survival rate of this disease is still below 10% due to high degree of malignancy,rapid progression,and strong invasion and metastasis. Exosomes are a class of nanoscale membranous vesicles that can be secreted by a variety of cells,and they carry various substances including proteins,lipids,and nucleic acids and participate in various physiological and pathological processes,such as intercellular material transport,information transmission,and development,progression,and metastasis of tumor. Studies have shown that exosomes play an important role in the metastasis of pancreatic cancer and can regulate the metastasis of pancreatic cancer by promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis to act on tumor microenvironment,affecting the formation of premetastatic microenvironment,and participating in the formation of immunosuppression microenvironment. This article reviews the research advances in exosomes in the metastasis of pancreatic cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Hepatology / Linchuang Gandanbing Zazhi is the property of Journal of Clinical Hepatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Severe acute pancreatitis( SAP) is a disease with dangerous course and poor prognosis,and although medical technology keeps improving over the years, the mortality rate of SAP remains high. As the latest achievement in the field of blood purification over the past 30 years, continuous blood purification has made great achievements in the treatment of SAP; however, there are still many controversies, and further studies are needed to explore therapeutic effect and mechanism. This article reviews the studies on continuous blood purification in the treatment of SAP in recent years and elaborates on its therapeutic mechanism, treatment mode, and treatment effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Hepatology / Linchuang Gandanbing Zazhi is the property of Journal of Clinical Hepatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Autoantibodies have an important value in the diagnosis, typing,and differential diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis(AIH); however, the autoantibodies of AIH lack specificity and have various types and inconsistent results, which brings confusions to clinical diagnosis. With reference to the literature data and the author’s clinical experience, this article reviews the application value and research advances in the main autoantibodies in AIH and introduces the recommendations for autoantibody detection methods in related guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Hepatology / Linchuang Gandanbing Zazhi is the property of Journal of Clinical Hepatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Hepatology / Linchuang Gandanbing Zazhi is the property of Journal of Clinical Hepatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Intrahepatic cholestasis (IHC) is a dysfunction of bile production, secretion, and excretion caused by various factors including genetics, immunity, inflammation, stones, and tumors, and therefore, the bile is not normally discharged into the duodenum and reversely flows into blood, which causes a series of clinical diseases with organic damage, metabolic disorders, and dysfunction. In recent years, with the deepening of clinical and basic research, intestinal microecology is found to play an important role in the development and progression of liver diseases. This article reviews the mechanism of action of intestinal microecology and inflammatory factors in intrahepatic cholestasis and explores the research advances in the role of probiotics in regulating intestinal flora stability and improving intestinal microenvironment, so as to provide a basis for clinical treatment, scientific research, and drug research and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Hepatology / Linchuang Gandanbing Zazhi is the property of Journal of Clinical Hepatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Hepatology / Linchuang Gandanbing Zazhi is the property of Journal of Clinical Hepatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Hepatology / Linchuang Gandanbing Zazhi is the property of Journal of Clinical Hepatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There are significant differences in origin and development between pediatric liver malignancies and adult liver malignancies, and even for the same type of liver cancer, there are still differences in its development, progression, therapies, and treatment outcome between children and adults. The histological manifestation and anatomical location of pediatric live r malignancies can reflect the characteristics of invasion and metastasis, the difficulty in surgical treatment, and the sensitivity of drug therapy. Therefore, treatment modalities should be selected based on these characteristics. Pediatric liver malignancies a re more sensitive to adjuvant therapy such as chemotherapy, and the combination with adjuvant the rapies, such as chemotherapy, before or after liver transplantation may achieve satisfactory results and thus expand the indications for liver transplantation. Among pediatric liver malignancies, hepatoblastoma, hepatocellular carc inoma, and undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma is more common and can be treated by liver transplantation with satisfactory prognosis. Liver transplantation should be considered for children with malignant liver tumors confined to the liver and poor response to liver resection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Hepatology / Linchuang Gandanbing Zazhi is the property of Journal of Clinical Hepatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Hepatology / Linchuang Gandanbing Zazhi is the property of Journal of Clinical Hepatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To investigate the prevalence rate of fatty liver disease among people undergoing physical examination in Tangshan, China, and to provide a reasonable basis for the prevention and treatment of fatty liver disease. Methods The clinical data of 12 808 individuals who underwent physical examination in Tangshan from March 2014 to February 2016 were collected, and among these individuals, 3540 had fatty liver disease. The data including age, sex, body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and liver ultrasound findings were analyzed. The t-test was used for comparison of continuous data between groups and the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. Results of all 7151 male individuals who underwent physical examination, 2750 (38.46%) had fatty liver disease, and of all 5657 female individuals, 790 (13.96%) had fatty liver disease; there was a significant difference in the prevalence rate of fatty liver disease between male and female individuals (X2=947.25, P＜0.01). There was a significant difference in the detection rate of fatty liver disease between male and female individuals in each age group of 18-29, 30-39, 40-49, and ≥50 years (X2=337.58, 474.06, 449.38, and 12.86, all P＜0.01). There was a significant difference in the detection rate of fatty liver disease between male or female individuals with different BMIs ［obese (BMI ≥28), overweight (24≤BMI＜28), and normal (BMI＜24)］ (X2=1104.01 and 500.23, both P＜0.01). In the three groups of obese (BMI ≥28), overweight (24≤BMI＜28), and normal (BMI＜24) individuals who underwent physical examination, there was a significant difference in the detection rate of fatty liver disease between male and female individuals in each group (X2=71.24, 87.97, and 323.84, all P＜0.01). Male and female individuals with obesity (BMI ≥28) and overweight (24≤BMI＜28) had a significantly higher detection rate of fatty liver disease than those with normal BMI (both P＜0.01). There were significant differences in FPG, TC, TG, and LDL-C between the fatty liver group and the non-fatty liver group (t=17.482, 13.698, 22.133, and 27.334, all P＜0.001). In male individuals who underwent physical examination, there were significant differences in FPG, TC, TG, and LDL-C between the individuals with and without fatty liver disease (t=11.288,8.652,11.671, and 20.118, all P＜0.01); in female individuals, there were also significant differences in FPG, TC, TG, and LDL-C between the individuals with and without fatty liver disease (t=16.816, 5.532, 15.154, and 18.507, all P＜0.01). Conclusion Among the adults undergoing physical examination in Tangshan, male adults have a significantly higher prevalence rate of fatty liver disease than female adults. Overweight or obesity, hyperlipidemia, and abnormal glucose metabolism are major causes of fatty liver disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Hepatology / Linchuang Gandanbing Zazhi is the property of Journal of Clinical Hepatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of tension - free hernia repair under local anesthesia in patients with liver cirrhosis complicated by inguinal hernia and related application experience. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 167 patients with liver cirrhosis complicated by inguinal hernia who underwent tension - free hernia repair under local anesthesia in our hos­pital from January 2007 to December 2015. The t - test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups, and the chi - square test and Fisher5 s exact test were used for comparison of categorical data between groups. Results All tension - free hernia repair surgeries were successfully completed，with a mean time of operation of (55. 22 ± 21. 67 ) min and a mean postoperative hospital stay of ( 3. 14 土 1. 86) d. Of all patients, 25 (14. 97% ) experienced complications, and there were 47 complications in total. According to the Child - Pugh class, the patients were divided into Child - Pugh class A/B group and Child - Pugh class C group, and there were significant differ- ences in the mean postoperative hospital stay ((2.72±1.25) dvs (4. 43 ±3.11) d，t=l. 984，P < 0. 05 ) and incidence rate of postoper- ative complications (8.78% vs 63. 1 % ,=2. 861, P <0. 05) . In the Child - Pugh class C group, there was no significant difference in the incidence rate of postoperative complications between the patients without improvement in liver function and those with improvement (100% vs 86. 7% , P > 0. 05) , but there was a significant difference in the length of postoperative hospital stay (6. 85 d vs 3. 80 d, P < 0. 05 ) . Conclusion Tension - free hernia repair under local anesthesia is a simple, safe, and effective method for the treatment of inguinal hernia complicated by liver cirrhosis. Perioperative liver function evaluation and maintenance is important to ensure the implementation of surgery and good postoperative recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Hepatology / Linchuang Gandanbing Zazhi is the property of Journal of Clinical Hepatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Antiviral therapy is the most important thing in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B( CHB). Pegylated interferon( PEG- IFN)has both antiviral and immunomodulatory effects,and after drug withdrawal,30%- 40% of patients can achieve HBe Ag seroconversion and sustained virologic response. Many studies have shown that HBs Ag quantification can be used as an index to predict the anti- HBV effect of PEG- IFN and sustained immune control after drug withdrawal. This article reviews the relationship between HBs Ag levels before,during,and after PEG- IFN therapy and antiviral effect to clarify the significance of HBs Ag quantification in the PEG- IFN treatment of CHB and to guide the regimen of antiviral therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gallbladder cancer has many characteristics such as rapid progression, difficult early diagnosis, low R0 resection rate, and poor prognosis. In recent years, extended radical resections including hepatopancreatoduodenectomy (HPD) have been performed for patients with advanced gallbladder carcinoma that invades the common bile duct, duodenum, and portal vein, but with no distant metastasis in many large medical centers. This procedure can significantly increase the R0 resection rate and prolong the survival time of patients. But due to the high rate of complications and high mortality in the patients treated with HPD, many surgeons still have little confidence in this procedure. This article reviews the current application of HPD in advanced gallbladder cancer, related problems, complications, and surgical indications, and suggests that HPD can be selected according to strict surgical indications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective To investigate the collection and preservation of blood specimens from patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the establishment and information management of biobank. Methods Whole blood samples were collected from 1226 patients who were diagnosed with NAFLD based on B - mode ultrasound and blood tests from October 2009 to October 2013. Biochemical parameters were measured. Plasma and whole - blood genomic DNA was extracted from the samples, and the purity and concentration of DNA were determined. Specimens were preserved in a refrigerator (-80»C). An information management system for NAFLD biobank was established. Results Specimens of 1226 NAFLD patients, including those of 83 twins and 100 families, were collected. The success rate was 100% for extraction of plasma and whole - blood genomic DNA. One hundred DNA samples were randomly selected for testing, and the results showed that the collected specimens met the requirements of following experiments. Conclusion The NAFLD Biobank has been successfully established in this study. It has the standard information management system and enables the quality control and information management of specimens, laying a solid foundation for further research on NAFLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ｏｂjｅｃｔｉｖｅ　Ｔｏ ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｅ ｔｈｅ ｅｆｆｅｃｔ ｏｆ ｐｒｉｍａｒｙ ｄｕｃｔ ｃｌｏｓｕｒｅ ａｎｄ Ｔ - ｔｕｂｅ ｄｒａｉｎａｇｅ ａｆｔｅｒ ｌａｐａｒｏｓｃｏｐｉｃ ｃｏｍｍｏｎ ｂｉｌｅ ｄｕｃｔ ｅｘｐｌｏｒａｔｉｏｎ，ａｓ ｗｅｌｌ ａｓ ｔｈｅ ｃｒｉｔｅｒｉａ ｆｏｒ ｃｌｉｎｉｃａｌ ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｐｒｉｍａｒｙ ｄｕｃｔ ｃｌｏｓｕｒｅ. Ｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ 　Ａ ｒｅｔｒｏｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅ ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ ｗａｓ ｐｅｒｆｏｒｍｅｄ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ ｃｌｉｎｉｃａｌ ｄａｔａ ｏｆ ｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓ ｗｉｔｈ ｃｏｍｍｏｎ ｂｉｌｅ ｄｕｃｔ ｓｔｏｎｅｓ ｗｈｏ ｗｅｒｅ ｔｒｅａｔｅｄ ｉｎ Ｔｈｅ Ｆｉｒｓｔ Ｈｏｓｐｉｔａｌ ｏｆ Ｊｉｌｉｎ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ｆｒｏｍ Ｊｕｌｙ 2014 ｔｏ Ｊｕｌｙ 2015，ａｎｄ 51 ｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓ ｗｈｏ ｍｅｔ ｔｈｅ ｉｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ ｃｒｉｔｅｒｉａ ｗｅｒｅ ｅｎｒｏｌｌｅｄ. Ａｍｏｎｇ ｔｈｅｓｅ ｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓ，26 ｕｎｄｅｒｗｅｎｔ ｐｒｉｍａｒｙ ｃｌｏｓｕｒｅ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｍｍｏｎ ｂｉｌｅ ｄｕｃｔ ａｎｄ 25 ｕｎｄｅｒｗｅｎｔ Ｔ - ｔｕｂｅ ｄｒａｉｎａｇｅ. Ｔｈｅ ｃｈａｎｇｅ ｉｎ ｔｏｔａｌ ｂｉｌｉｒｕｂｉｎ ａｆｔｅｒ ｓｕｒｇｅｒｙ，ｔｉｍｅ ｔｏ ｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｙ ｏｆ ｇａｓｔｒｏｉｎｔｅｓｔｉｎａｌ ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ，ｖｏｌｕｍｅ ｏｆ ｐｅｒｉｔｏｎｅａｌ ｄｒａｉｎａｇｅ ａｔ 1 ｄａｙ ａｆｔｅｒ ｓｕｒｇｅｒｙ，ｔｉｍｅ ｏｆ ｒｅｍｏｖａｌ ｏｆ ｐｅｒｉｔｏｎｅａｌ ｄｒａｉｎａｇｅ ｔｕｂｅ，ｃｏｍｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ，ｌｅｎｇｔｈ ｏｆ ｐｏｓｔｏｐｅｒａｔｉｖｅ ｈｏｓｐｉｔａｌ ｓｔａｙ，ａｎｄ ｔｏｔａｌ ｈｏｓｐｉｔａｌ ｆｅｅ ｗｅｒｅ ａｎａｌｙｚｅｄ ａｎｄ ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｔｈｅ ｔｗｏ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ. Ｔｈｅ ｔ - ｔｅｓｔ ｗａｓ ｕｓｅｄ ｆｏｒ ｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎ ｏｆ ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｏｕｓ ｄａｔａ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ， ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｃｈｉ - ｓｑｕａｒｅ ｔｅｓｔ ｗａｓ ｕｓｅｄ ｆｏｒ ｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎ ｏｆ ｃａｔｅｇｏｒｉｃａｌ ｄａｔａ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ. Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ　Ｔｈｅ ｌｅｎｇｔｈ ｏｆ ｐｏｓｔｏｐｅｒａｔｉｖｅ ｈｏｓｐｉｔａｌ ｓｔａｙ ａｎｄ ｔｏｔａｌ ｈｏｓｐｉｔａｌ ｆｅｅ ｓｈｏｗｅｄ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｔｈｅ ｔｗｏ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ （ｔ ＝ -7. 067，Ｐ ＜0. 001；ｔ ＝ -3. 126，Ｐ ＝0. 003）. Ｏｎｅ ｐａｔｉｅｎｔ ｉｎ ｅａｃｈ ｇｒｏｕｐ ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅｄ ａ ｃｏｍｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｗａｓ ｃｕｒｅｄ ａｆｔｅｒ ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ. Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ　Ｏｎ ｔｈｅ ｂａｓｉｓ ｏｆ ｓｔｒｉｃｔ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ ｏｆ ｓｕｒｇｉｃａｌ ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ，ｔｈｅ ｐｒｉｍａｒｙ ｃｌｏｓｕｒｅ ｏｆ ｃｏｍｍｏｎ ｂｉｌｅ ｄｕｃｔ ａｆｔｅｒ ｌａｐａｒｏｓｃｏｐｉｃ ｃｏｍｍｏｎ ｂｉｌｅ ｄｕｃｔ ｅｘｐｌｏｒａｔｉｏｎ ｈａｓ ｔｈｅ ａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅｓ ｏｆ ａ ｓｈｏｒｔ ｌｅｎｇｔｈ ｏｆ ｈｏｓｐｉｔａｌ ｓｔａｙ，ｌｏｗ ｈｏｓｐｉｔａｌ ｆｅｅ，ａｎｄ ｈｉｇｈ ｑｕａｌｉｔｙ ｏｆ ｌｉｆｅ，ａｎｄ ｉｓ ｓａｆｅ ａｎｄ ｆｅａｓｉｂｌｅ. Ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ，ｉｔ ｈｏｌｄｓ ｐｒｏｍｉｓｅ ｆｏｒ ｃｌｉｎｉｃａｌ ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]