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This report presents results from the EU project AGROinLOG (Grant Agreement 727921) and especially focuses on the results from a survey looking at the current practices with straw use in Sweden as well as the farmer’s opinion on supplying straw for the production of second-generation biofuel. The survey was developed as a collaboration between LRF (Federation of Swedish farmers) RISE and Lantmännen.The reader can first read about the context within which the survey was developed and analysed. The questions and the methodology are then presented. The main part of the report presents the questionnaire results before drawing conclusions in line with the project’s objectives.The survey shows that about 60% of the straw from farmers participating in the survey, remains in the field while 40% is harvested mostly for animal production. The county of Skåne, the “ÖSÖ” region (Östergötland, Södermanland, and Örebro counties), the region including Uppsala, Stockholm and Västmanland counties, and the county of Västra Götaland have the largest potential for collection of straw for industrial processes in Sweden. However, farmers from these regions are the most concerned about the decrease of soil quality due to straw removal. The current common practices for straw handling in Sweden, including baling, collection, transport, storage and sale, are highlighted.Some interesting conclusions are drawn concerning the logistics needed for the handling of straw for the biobased industry. Moreover, the answers from the survey give some insights concerning a potential “straw contract” between Lantmännen and the farmers. The report also highlights the aspects to be further researched.More information concerning the Swedish contribution to the AGROinLOG project can be found in the public report AGROinLOG (2020a). EU project AGROinLOG (Grant Agreement 727921)

This report is about ley for ethanol production, with focus on the cultivation and handling, and is part of the project " Biofuel from agricultural side streams and straw in a system perspective " financed by the Swedish Energy Agency. The project is a continuation of the issue of secure raw material supply from the EU project AGROinLOG, which is about producing ethanol from straw. In order to be cost effective, ethanol is usually produced in large-scale plants, and with straw as a feedstock a secure supply of large quantities of straw is required. Producing ethanol from ley broadens the raw material base and is an opportunity to secure the supply of raw materials, especially during years with low cereal yields or with difficult harvest conditions for the straw. Introducing ley to a cereal-dominated crop rotation gives many positive effects on the cultivation system and to subsequent crops. There need to be a market and a buyer of the crop for the grain producers to be interested in ley cultivation. This report focuses on how a concept for ley to ethanol could look from the farmer's perspective. One question in the project was if the choice of grass and legumes variety is important. Four varieties of grass, as well as red clover and alfalfa, were harvested and collected in the project, in pure stand from Lantmännen's variety trials in Lännäs and Svalöv. The interviews with farmers conducted in the project showed that nitrogen fixating legumes such as clover and alfalfa are interesting from a farmer’s perspective for the positive effects, they have on the cultivation system. They should preferably be cultivated in combination with a fast-growing grass variety. The analyses that were done to investigate how the different ley species work as substrates for ethanol and bio-oil production showed that all the tested varieties work in these processes. In order to supply an ethanol plant with substrate all year round, the possibility to deliver both fresh and ensiled grass was studied. Fresh ley can be supplied to the plant from late May to late October. Depending on the extent of the fresh ley supply, it is complemented with silage or straw to cover the daily feedstock need. In order to avoid losses and heating of the material before entering the plant, the fresh ley should be harvested continuously every or every second day. Also, the ley should be physically damaged or cut as little as possible during harvesting and handling. The harvesting of fresh grass can be done in two steps. First the grass is mowed and left in swaths on the field. After that a forage wagon picks up the ley followed by transport to the plant. The other option is a direct-harvesting system using a tractor with a direct cut forage wagon and a mower in the front. The grass is cut and directly put in the wagon for transport to the plant. Which system to choose depends on how much grass is to be delivered per occasion and what degree of damage to the structure that is desired before delivery. For the ensiled ley the same kind of large-scale, cost-effective harvesting system usually used for harvesting of ley for animal production is suggested, typically consisting of a mower followed by a self -propelled precision chopper with separate wagons for transport to the plant. Essentially, three actors are involved in the delivery of ley to the ethanol plant, the farmer, the ethanol producer and a contractor who performs one or more steps in the harvesting and handling chain. Depending on the interests and conditions of the actors, two alternatives can be used to describe who is doing what. In option 1, the farmer establishes the ley and sells it on root. Then it is the buyer, or a contractor hired by the buyer, who handles harvesting, transport and storage. Depending on conditions on farm and plant, storage can be done on farm, on an intermediate storage or on plant. Option 2 means that the farmer has a more active role in cultivation, harvesting and transport and delivers the ley to the plant, either fresh at harvest or ensiled during the rest of the year. Two alternative concepts have been identified for delivering ley to ethanol production, where the proximity to the ethanol plant is what distinguishes the concepts. The concept "close" is aimed at farms located a short distance from Agroetanol. Fresh ley grass can be delivered with tractor to the plant during the growing season and ensiled ley grass is delivered by truck from the farm. The short distance makes it more interesting to receive, primarily, liquid residual streams that are produced at the ethanol plant. For the farm "further away" it is primarily silage that can be delivered because the silage has a lower water content compared to fresh ley, which means that it has lower transport costs. Biodrivmedel från jordbrukets sidoströmmar och omväxlingsgrödor i ett systemperspektiv

I denna rapport presenteras ett av tre områden för att effektivisera jordbrukets logistik som undersökts i projektet ”Energieffektivisering av Jordbrukets logistik - fördjupning och utveckling” som har arbetat vidare på resultat från ett tidigare pilotprojekt om energieffektivisering av jordbrukets transporter. De tre områdena är, (1) skiftning av åkermark (2) planeringsverktyg för att simulera, planera och optimera logistikarbetet på gården (3) nyckeltal för logistikarbetet på gårdsnivå för att sporra till effektivisering. Alla tre bedöms som viktiga delar i arbetet med att effektivisera och minska energiåtgång och klimatpåverkan från jordbrukets transporter och i förlängningen livsmedelsproduktionen. I denna rapport har möjligheter att effektivisera maskinanvändningen på jordbruksföretag genom att använda kartläggning och nyckeltal undersökts. Detta har gjorts genom att maskinanvändning på tre gårdar loggats. Dessa gårdar var att betrakta som medelstora gårdar med svenska mått mätt och har olika produktionsinriktningar. Loggning genomfördes av dieselförbrukning och tidsåtgång för totalt nio maskiner på tre gårdar. Loggningsutrustningen kopplades till maskinernas CAN-bus och data laddades ner till Drivecs molntjänst via mobilt bredband. Loggning skedde också av GPS-data där maskinerna befann sig vid en viss tidpunkt och dessa refererades till olika skiften, inomgårdsområden, transportvägar och även t.ex. snöröjning eller annan entreprenadverksamhet. Ur dessa data beräknades nyckeltal manuellt fram för dieselförbrukning och tidsåtgång per gröda, fält och aktivitet. Nyckeltalen svarade mot vad lantbrukarna efterfrågade. För att vara rättvisande och heltäckande behöver loggningen vara mer tillförlitlig och inkludera alla maskiner i växtodlingen. En slutsats var att loggning och nyckeltalsberäkning måste ske helt automatiskt för att fylla en funktion och dessutom behöver nyckeltalet ha metadata som beskriver vad det beskriver, hur det samlats in och hur representativt det är. I projektet undersöktes också vilka möjligheter det fanns till att skicka denna information automatiskt från Drivecs system till LRF Konsults Digital Bonde och där integreras med ekonomiska data. Ytterligare forskning behövs för att nyttiggöra resultaten från detta projekt. Det behövs också målinriktat arbete med både vidareutveckling och kunskapsspridning till jordbrukare. The work presented in this report is one of three different areas of improving the efficiency of agricultural logistics that have been investigated in the project ”Energieffektivisering av Jordbrukets logistik - fördjupning och utveckling”. The three areas are, 1) Shifting of arable land (2) Planning tool for simulating, planning and optimizing logistical work on the farm (3) KPIs for logistics work at farm level to spur efficiency. All three areas are considered to be important parts in the work of reducing energy consumption and climate impact from agricultural transports and in food production. In this report KPIs has been investigated by logging of machine activities on three farms. These farms were medium-sized with different production. Logging of diesel consumption and time required was carried out for a total of nine tractors on three farms. The logging equipment was connected to the tractors' CAN bus and data was downloaded to Drivec's cloud service via mobile broadband. Logging was also done by GPS data where the tractors were at a certain point in time and these were referred to different fields, farm centre areas, transport routes and for example areas where entrepreneurial work such as snow removal is performed. From these data, KPIs were calculated manually for diesel consumption and time consumption per crop, field and activity. The KPIs corresponded to what the farmers wanted but in order to be useful, logging needs to be more reliable and include all machines and activities in the plant production. One conclusion was that in order to utilize KPIs as a driver for change, the logging and KPI calculations must be done automatically and in addition, the KPIs calculated needs to have metadata that describes, for example, how representative the KPI is. The project also investigated the possibilities for sending this information automatically from Drivec's system to LRF Konsult's Digital Bonde and to integrate it with economic data. Further research activities are needed in order to implement the results from this project. Targeted work is needed with both further development and dissemination to farmers.

There are large amounts of unutilized silage from agriculture and from municipalities that harvest meadows and grasslands. This biomass is a disposal problem and a cost. At the same time, there are biogas plants which have an increased demand for substrates that do not compete with the production of feed and food. Unutilized silage can be an excellent biogas substrate provided it is effectively pretreated. This study is conducted as a case study of Jordberga Biogas plant in Skåne (in the south of Sweden), although the results of the project are applicable to other regions in Sweden where unutilized silage exists. The project aim was to study a 20 % replacement of today’s crop-based substrates in Jordberga biogas plant with unutilized silage from agriculture and municipalities. The project has been conducted by RISE Agrifood and Bioscience in collaboration with the German Biomass Research Center (Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum, DBFZ), Gasum, County Administrative Board of Skåne and Fogda Farm. The project was divided into three parts. In the first part the amounts of different types of unutilized silage was estimated, from arable land and forage areas at municipalities and County Administrative Boards, for the area around the Gasum Biogas plant in Jordberga, and for Sweden in total. In a second part the adequate technique for pretreatment was identified and tested in practical trials on different types of unutilized silage. In the third part cost calculations were done for the disintegration of the unutilized silage. The study showed that the largest potential for unutilized silage is from forage production. The area of meadows is much less with much lower yield. An assumption was made that 5% of the total amount of unutilized silage bales are available for biogas production. Project calculations showed that 35% of these must be used to substitute 20% of the crop based substrates at Jordberga. Depending on the quality and biogas yield, 12-23 ton DM is needed per day. Based on earlier studies and experiences from the project group, three machines were chosen for the practical tests to disintegrate silage bales; Rot Grind, RS CutMaster and I-GRIND. Roto Grind and I-GRIND used hammermill technique whereas RS CutMaster used knife rotors for disintegration. All three machines managed to disintegrate silage bales with DM-content varying from 40-70% DM. The particle length after disintegration was analyzed and a visual estimation of the effect on particle structure was made. Particle size after disintegration was the same for Roto Grind and RS CutMaster whereas it was considerable longer for I-GRIND. Disintegration worked better on silage with lower DM content regarding both particle size and structure for all tested machines. Based on the test results RS CutMaster had higher total disintegration costs compared with Roto Grind and I-GRIND. The differences in costs was mainly due to lower measured capacity of RS CutMaster, and higher depreciation and maintenance costs of both RS CutMaster and I-GRIND. To lower the costs to same level as Roto Grind and I-GRIND, RS CutMaster would need approximately 40% higher capacity than measured in the tests. Stora mängder outnyttjat ensilage finns inom lantbruket samt när kommun och länsstyrelse skördar de vallar och slåtterängar som de ansvarar för att sköta. Denna biomassa är ofta ett kvittblivningsproblem och en kostnad. Samtidigt efterfrågar biogasanläggningar substrat som inte konkurrerar med produktion av foder och livsmedel. Outnyttjat ensilage kan vara ett utmärkt substrat under förutsättning att det förbehandlas effektivt. Projektet utfördes som en fallstudie av Jordberga biogasanläggning i Skåne där resultaten från projektet är tillämpbara på andra regioner i Sverige där outnyttjad biomassa finns. Projektets syfte var att genom lönsam hantering kunna ersätta 20 % dagens åkerbaserade substrat i Jordberga biogasanläggning med outnyttjat ensilage från lantbruk samt slåtterytor hos kommun och länsstyrelse. Projektet har genomförts av RISE Jordbruk och Livsmedel tillsammans med det tyska biomassaforskningscentrat Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum (DBFZ), Gasum, Länsstyrelsen i Skåne och Fogda Farm. Projektet utgjordes av tre delar. En del där mängderna av olika typer av outnyttjat ensilage från jordbruksmark samt slåtterytor hos kommun och länsstyrelse upp-skattades, dels för området runt Gasums biogasanläggning i Jordberga, dels för hela Sverige. En del där lämplig teknik för sönderdelning identifierades och sedan testades i praktiska försök på olika typer av outnyttjat ensilage. Sedan en del där kostnaderna beräknades för hantering och sönderdelning av det outnyttjade ensilaget. Vid uppskattningen av mängderna outnyttjat ensilage visade det sig att den stora potentialen finns från outnyttjat ensilage från vallodling. Arealen befintlig slåtteräng är betydligt mindre och med en betydligt lägre avkastning. Antagandet gjordes att 5% av den totala mängden outnyttjade ensilagebalar är tillgängligt för biogasproduktion. Projektets beräkningar visade att 35% av dessa måste samlas in för att uppnå projektets mål att ersätta 20% av Jordbergas grödbaserade substrat. Beroende på balensilagets kvalitet och biogasutbyte behövs då 12-23 ton ts/dygn. Baserat på tidigare studier och erfarenheter från projektgruppen valdes tre maskiner ut för praktiska sönderdelningstester; Roto Grind, RS CutMaster och I-GRIND. I Roto Grind och I-GRIND sker sönderdelningen med en hammarkvarn medan RS CutMaster har knivar som sönderdelar materialet. Samtliga tre testade maskiner klarade av att sönderdela ensilage med ts-halt varierande mellan 40 och 70%. Strålängden efter sönderdelning analyserades i en sorteringsmaskin och en visuell bedömning gjordes av hur ensilagets struktur påverkats. Den analyserade strålängden för Roto Grind och RS CutMaster var lika, medan I-GRIND gett betydligt längre material. Sönderdelningen fungerade bättre på det fuktigare ensilaget än på det torrare både med avseende på både strålängd och struktur i samtliga maskiner. Baserat på resultaten från våra tester hade RS CutMaster högre totala sönder-delningskostnader än Roto Grind och I-GRIND. Främsta orsakerna till detta är lägre uppmätt kapacitet hos RS CutMaster samt högre inköps- och underhållskostnader för RS CutMaster och I-GRIND. För att komma ner till samma kostnadsnivå skulle RS CutMaster behöva ha ca 40% högre kapacitet än den som uppmättes i testet som gjordes i projektet. Projektet finansierades av Energimyndigheten, Gasum, Länsstyrelsen och Fogda Farm.

For crop-based biogas plants, the cost for buying the crops is a predominant production cost andefficient systems for production, harvesting, transportation and storage are therefore of major importance.Furthermore, there is a discussion going on about competition on land between food andenergy production. EU has decided to strongly limit the production of transportation fuel based oncrops grown on arable land. For crop-based biogas production it is therefore very interesting to examineways to reduce substrate costs for crops as well as to find alternative crops that are not competingwith food production. This project was carried out as a case study for two crop based biogas plants in Jordberga andÖrebro, both of them owned by Gasum AB, former Swedish Biogas International (SBI). The overallaim of the project was to reduce substrate costs by at least 10%, by organizing the supply ofcrops in a new way, combining fresh and ensiled crops. The underlying assumption was that substratecosts could be reduced by feeding fresh crops into the biogas digester during the harvest periodand thereby reduce costs for storage and avoid losses of dry matter during storage. The goal of this project was to improve cost calculations and develop an optimization model forsubstrate supply to analyze how different fresh and ensiled substrates should be best combined tominimize substrate costs during various times of the year. In the previous f3 financed project ”Optimizedlogistics for biogas production” a model based on linear programming was developed for optimizationand strategic planning of the logistics for biogas plants. In the present project, the modelwas further developed to optimize the supply for the year divided into different periods, instead ofon annual basis as in the previous project. [...] För grödbaserade biogasanläggningar är kostnaden för att köpa grödorna en dominerande produktionskostnadoch effektiva system för produktion, skörd, transport och lagring är därför av stor betydelse.Dessutom pågår en diskussion om konkurrens om åkermark för produktion av mat eller energi.EU har beslutat att kraftigt begränsa produktionen av drivmedel baserade på grödor som odlaspå åkermark. För grödor till biogasproduktion är det därför mycket intressant att undersöka sätt attminska substratkostnader för grödor samt att använda grödor som inte konkurrerar med livsmedelsproduktion. Detta projekt genomfördes som en fallstudie för två grödbaserade biogasanläggningar i Jordbergaoch Örebro som båda ägs av Gasum AB, tidigare Swedish Biogas International (SBI). Det övergripandesyftet med projektet var att minska substratkostnaderna med minst 10 % genom att organiseratillförseln av grödor på ett nytt sätt som kombinerar färska och ensilerade grödor. Det underliggandeantagandet är att substratkostnaderna kan minskas genom att under skördeperioden användafärska grödor i biogasprocessen och därigenom minska kostnaderna för lagring och undvikaförluster av torrsubstans under ensilering och lagring. Målet med projektet var att förbättra kostnadsberäkningarna och utveckla en optimeringsmodell försubstrattillförsel för att analysera hur olika färska och ensilerade grödor bäst bör kombineras för attminimera substratkostnaderna under olika tider på året. I det tidigare f3-finansierade projektet ”Optimeradlogistik för biogasproduktion” utvecklades en modell baserad på linjärprogrammering föroptimering och strategisk planering av logistiken för biogasanläggningar. I detta projekt vidareutveckladesmodellen för att optimera tillförseln under olika perioder av året i stället för på årsbasissom i det tidigare projektet. [...]