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DUE TO THE IRREPLACEABILITY OF MATERIALS as well as the innumerable variations in physical condition and storage needs, special collections present many challenges to preservation and conservation professionals. In reaction to these challenges, there have been many advances and changes within the fields of preservation and conservation. The goal of this short paper is to highlight some of the skills and technological advances that have changed the way special collections are preserved in reference to two approaches: item-level conservation and collections conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature on business information literacy primarily focuses on business students. This paper instead explores business information literacy for students in liberal arts colleges: aside from career preparation, are there reasons to teach them to grapple critically with business information? This paper brings together survey findings, concepts from critical information theory, and the "Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education" developed by the Association of Colleges and Research Libraries to bear on this question. It argues that business information is a powerful genre for teaching core concepts central to both information literacy and liberal arts: critical inquiry, authority, access, incentives, rhetorical practices, and more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WITHIN THE CONFINES OF SPECIAL COLLECTIONS in libraries, an established practice of preservation for film and video collections is largely nonexistent. By comparison, the scale of resources needed to achieve meaningful programmatic efforts to preserve them is far greater than the resources libraries have assembled for traditional paper-based preservation. Management of moving image collections requires specialized knowledge and expertise. Consequently, while a mature system of preservation technology and methodology exists in libraries today to achieve file systematic preservation of books and paper-based materials, preservation programs generally have excluded the same provisions to sustain the useable life of moving image materials. With this in mind, this article seeks to articulate the current landscape of film and video preservation in libraries and examine the barriers that have hindered the development of full-fledged preservation programs for them. It is unclear whether traditional library preservation constructs can effectively inform the development of techniques and methodologies appropriate to film and video preservation. Nevertheless, it is perhaps more important, at this point in time, to stimulate and encourage fruitful discussion that will lead to such development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Newspapers/periodicals librarian James Danky does collection building wherever he goes and with whomever he communicates, it seems. Thanks to his efforts, the Madison-based Wisconsin Historical Society collects materials from categories other librarians usually overlook, including zines (homemade periodicals, produced for reasons other than to make money, usually photocopied and published irregularly), something he compares to "other print forms that served the same purposes"--radical handbills of the 1880s, poetry pamphlets of the 1950s, and underground newspapers of the 1960s. Danky also collects Wisconsin-based periodicals, no matter how small their circulation, nor how esoteric their content, from Cheese Reporter to Clothed with the Sun; prison publications; and military, embassy, and consulate publications. WHS is the only institution in the United States collecting military base publications, a genre full of racy-sounding titles like Shoot 'Em Down and Danger Forward. These magazines and papers provide unique, close-up views of soldiers' lives, or at least a glimpse at the culture in which they work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the history of libraries in Belarus, including the library network development and its current structure. The paper uses data analyses of official state statistics, normative and unpublished legal documents, and scientific research conducted by the National Library of Belarus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a preservation needs assessment of the children's literature collections at the libraries of the University of Colorado in Boulder (UCB), Colorado. The article offers information on the preservation of children's literature as a genre in academic libraries and discusses the UCB Libraries assessment, called the Conservation Needs Assessment Project (CNAP), of juvenile literature in the circulating collection and special collections. The article offers information on the condition of the literature as found by the survey and presents recommendations for the preservation of the collections.

This article examines archival collecting, taking as case studies two women's archives. Drawing on their experiences building the collections of the Archives of Women in Science and Engineering (Iowa State University) and the Iowa Women's Archives (University of Iowa), the authors explore how such efforts challenge traditional approaches to collecting. Proactive collecting, such as oral history projects focused on Latinas or women scientists, helps fill gaps in the historical record by encouraging people who have not traditionally been donors to participate in building and using diverse archival collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a historical overview of the processes and changes experienced by libraries of all types in Montenegro during the past twenty-five years, as well as their current state. Major aspects of library work are covered: the general situation, legislation, buildings and equipment, collections, services, personnel, and automation. The period from 1989 to 2014 is characterized by a stream of social and economic turbulences as well as by rapid changes due to developments in information and communications technology. Libraries in Montenegro are keeping pace with developments in the library field generally, the National Library of Montenegro (NLM) being the primary moving force in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The e-book is raising fundamental questions around the dynamics and habits of reading; the role of books in the academic library; and the role of librarians in addressing new realities of reading and learning. Print and digital texts foster different styles of reading and different ways of thinking and doing research. This paper examines implications of the shift from print to digital reading and how academic libraries in particular should respond. Academic libraries should treat print and electronic books as complementary, not interchangeable, and commit themselves to maintaining hybrid collections that support the full range of learning and research styles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article briefly outlines the history of the Records of Early English Drama (REED) Patrons and Performances website project. Its aim is to enable users to gain access to the complete picture of professional performance activities (drama, music, dance, acrobatics, animal acts, and what have you?) outside London before 1642. The article is designed as a guide to individual on-screen exploration of some of the capacities of the website; readers can follow step-by-step the guide to the site by reading the paper while logged onto the site and following one or another of the four major search paths offered on the home page, to search for information about Patrons, Events, Venues or Troupes. Readers can access the GIS map on-line to investigate playing routes, venues and other geographical details. As well one can search the Bibliography, carefully compiled to reveal the information sources used to assemble the data presented on the site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selection, acquisition, and management of digital data are now part and parcel of the work librarians handle on a day-to-day basis. While much thought goes into this work, little consideration may be given to the long-term preservation of the collected data. Digital data cannot be retained for the future in the same way paper-based materials have traditionally been handled. Specific issues arise when archiving digital data and especially geospatial data. This article will discuss some of those issues, including data versioning, file size, proprietary data formats, copyright, and the complexity of file formats. Collection development topics, including what to collect and why, will also be explored. The work underlying this article is being done as part of an award from the Library of Congress's National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IN NOVEMBER 2001, the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) announced the formation of a Task Force on Special Collections charged with developing an action plan to address a set of issues deemed significant by the ARL Board and membership. The establishment of the task force followed several years of ARL interest and activity in the area of special collections. This paper will review the stages through which ARL's engagement with special collections evolved, describe the motivation and rationale for initiating this engagement, discuss the perspectives that ARL brings to special collections, and provide a status report on the work of the task force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SPECIAL COLLECTIONS MATERIALS are not Only to be found in academic libraries; they can be found in museum, public and national and independent research libraries as well. The focus of this paper is on independent research libraries, especially those who are members of the Independent Research Library Association (IRLA). IRLA members are eighteen private, nonprofit research and education institutions, Their focused collections are developed to ,support research rather than an academic curriculum. They serve scholars and researchers internationally with their eminent collections, They provide access on, site and increasingly online. They will be challenged in the future by the need for increased)financial support, changes in scholarship and scholarly communications, and the need for increased Visibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LIBRARIES ARE AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT of a nation's information infrastructure, yet often they are invisible to their users and other stakeholders. In the context of this special issue, the paper presents four challenges faced by libraries and proposes research designs to address each of them. The four challenges involve: 1. invisible infrastructure, 2. content and collections, 3. preservation and access, and 4. institutional boundaries. I propose a mixture of research methods that includes surveys, case studies, documentary analyses, and policy analyses. Only with a better understanding of these challenges can libraries find their best fit in the information infrastructure of our networked world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the popularity of mobile and digital technologies, physical collections still have high user demand in academic libraries and grow continuously. With renovation projects providing more studying and collaboration space, efforts to relocate materials to storage facilities are necessary for major libraries. With the change in student information needs and preferences, it is essential to reinvestigate their behavior and preferences for the use of physical resources and remote storage items. An online survey was conducted in a major international comprehensive university in Hong Kong, China, to explore these questions. Statistical tests were also performed to compare the difference between undergraduate and postgraduate students, as well as those with versus those without experience requesting items from storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What are the ways in which library-provided bibliometric services add value to the research enterprise? Tasked with developing a program to assess and improve research impact services at Indiana University Bloomington, the open scholarship librarian launched a research impact offering in fall 2019, with positive results. Research impact services help faculty see the full significance of their work, equip them with tools to demonstrate and advocate for the value of their scholarship, and often provide unexpected insights. Bibliometric analysis can also benefit library units, particularly in supporting administrative decision-making in interactions with publishers and in seeing publishing trends to make collection management decisions. Service development in this area has the potential to deepen library engagement with the campus community. It might also promote collaboration between librarians in functional roles and those who serve as subject specialists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a project undertaken to assess the journals in a Big Deal package by applying a weighted value algorithm measuring quality, utility, and value of individual titles. Carried out by a national library consortium in Canada, the project confirmed the value of the Big Deal package while providing a quantitative approach for member libraries to assess their participation and to select key titles if participation becomes financially unsustainable. The article establishes the need to consider multiple proxies for journal value in collection evaluation and encourages collaborative evaluation approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study of the role of libraries in the scholarly communication process in 2025 using future scenarios. It mentions varied technologies, tools, and services like institutional repositories, open access initiatives, and self-publishing/e- publishing models. It says that these tools will benefit library managers who will link the process to strategic planning, decision making, and accomplishment of the institutional mission.

WE DISCUSS THE ISSUES OF RESOLVING the information-retrieval problem in large digital collections through the identification and use of document genres. Explicit identification of genre seems particularly important for such collections because any search usually retrieves documents with a diversity of genres that are undifferentiated by obvious clues as to their identity. Also, because most genres are characterized by both form and purpose, identifying the genre of a document provides information as to the document's purpose and its fit to the user's situation, which can be otherwise difficult to assess. We begin by outlining the possible role of genre identification in the information-retrieval process. Our assumption is that genre identification would enhance searching, first because we know that topic alone is not enough to define an information problem and, second, because search results containing genre information would be more easily understandable. Next, we discuss how information professionals have traditionally tackled the issues of representing genre in settings where topical representation is the norm. Finally, we address the issues of studying the efficacy of identifying genre in large digital collections. Because genre is often an implicit notion, studying it in a systematic way presents many problems. We outline a research protocol that would provide guidance for identifying Web document genres, for observing how genre is used in searching and evaluating search results, and finally for representing and visualizing genres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THE AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY (AAS), founded in 1812, is the nation's oldest historical organization. Its library of books, serials, manuscripts, and graphic arts extends from the colonial period through the late nineteenth century. Generations of scholars, graduate students, bibliographers, and independent researchers have studied at the library, "under its generous dome." This article explores elements of the institution's history, the evolution of its collections, and the relationship between its staff and readers that make it a leading humanities research center. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the collections, carefully and aggressively acquired for two centuries, are extraordinarily supportive for new trends in research. Comments offered by several recent scholars working in a variety of fresh historical, literary, and interdisciplinary projects illustrate how the depth and breath of AAS collections proved indispensable for their research, Sometimes referred to as "the stuff of everyday life." AAS resources not only support new trends in research, but the expansive range of primary documents has enabled the institution to foster a new area of study--the history of the book. An overview of its Program in the History of the Book in American Culture provides examples of the AAS leadership role in this academic discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines some of the ways in which electronic resources have impacted collection development, subject selectors, and library consortia. Roles of librarians; Growth of electronic resources; Perspectives on the changing role of traditional bibliographers; Effect of virtual materials on the role of the selector.

This study utilized dissertation bibliographies produced at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, a STEM-oriented university, to ascertain how well Purdue's Humanities, Social Sciences, and Education Library supports doctoral research. To examine a critical mass of data, the authors gathered all the bibliographies of dissertations written in 11 disciplines within the College of Liberal Arts in 2011 and 2015. Data for each citation included year of publication, language, format type, and local availability in print or digitally. Revealing disciplinary trends in using sources, this study provided critical information for reconceptualizing the library's orientation to learning and research and for engaging with faculty to understand where to strengthen the library's collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented on the acquisition of print newspaper and magazine articles as well as books in public and academic libraries. It highlights the reallocation of the acquisitions funds from books to journals. It also sites the collection from book-centric disciplines to the journal-centric STEM disciplines (science, technology, engineering, and math).

The article discusses the impact of technological innovation to the changes in scholarly communications and cooperation of the academic institutions. It highlights the value of expertise and human insight of library staff to the scholars and learners. It also cites the use of physical books which offer a handson opportunity to discover and use resources.

This article presents the results of a study of academic e-books that compared the metadata and search results from major academic e-book platforms. The authors collected data and performed a series of test searches designed to produce the same result regardless of platform. Testing, however, revealed metadata-related errors and significant variation in search results that could impact the user experience. This article describes how other libraries could perform this type of testing and how this information could be used to inform the selection of e-books that are available on multiple platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the results of a survey that gathered data on perceptions and use of e-books from undergraduate students, graduate students, faculty, and staff. The investigators analyzed the results based on user affiliate status and subject discipline and compared the results with the findings of a similar, smaller-scale study conducted in 2012. The study concludes with a discussion of the major findings and their implications for academic libraries and publishers, as well as areas for further inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Special collections and area studies librarians face similar challenges in the changing academic library environment, including the need to articulate the value of these specialized collections and to mainstream processes and practices into larger discovery, teaching, learning, and research efforts. For some institutions, these similarities have led to combining these areas of librarianship into a shared administrative structure. This article articulates the concept of "distinctive collections," identifies the shared challenges of these programs, and enumerates some essential differences, as well as outlines some observations from institutions that have taken this step. It further suggests opportunities for these areas to build strength and significantly impact teaching, learning, and research together. Future research agendas that might propel further investigation of "distinctive collections" are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents and analyzes the findings of a 2012 survey of member libraries belonging to the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) about publishers' large journal bundles and compares the results to earlier surveys. The data illuminate five research questions: market penetration, journal bundle construction, collection format shifts, pricing models, and license terms. The structure of the product is still immature, particularly in defining content and developing sustainable pricing models. The typical "bundle" is something less than the full publisher's list. Neither market studies nor market forces have produced a sustainable new strategy for pricing and selling e-journals. Finally, the data reveal a complex history of managing license terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article takes a broad view of the evolution of collecting behaviors in a network environment and suggests some future directions based on various simple models. The authors look at the changing dynamics of print collections, at the greater engagement with research and learning behaviors, and at trends in scholarly communication. The goal is to provide context within which libraries can discuss changing patterns of investment across collection categories. The authors argue that the network is reconfiguring not only individual academic libraries but also the whole library system, as reduced transaction costs facilitate the unbundling of functions and their consolidation in network platforms and with other external service providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay, we embrace a vision of the future of academic libraries where librarians confront and creatively address the lack of racial and ethnic diversity within our profession and actively pursue a social justice agenda within our libraries and in the communities we serve. This future requires that we acknowledge that many of our current practices reinforce existing structures of inequity and privilege, and that we leverage our services and resources to support, document, and encourage diversity and social justice efforts within librarianship and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic libraries have always been deeply associated with their collections, but the nature of those collections has changed radically as we have entered the digital age. As libraries continue to evolve, they will focus strongly on special collections while adopting a goal of providing access to as much other content as possible. The collection will be everything that the library can identify that fits local curricular and research needs, and the means of access will be driven by cost. Discovery will be crucial, since a powerful discovery tool will allow the library to conceptualize the collection as the broadest possible range of content accessible to the local scholarly community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey of more than 1,300 faculty, graduate students, and undergraduate students in the humanities and social sciences at the University of Maryland generated a wealth of data on use and opinions of e-books among those users. While the initial purpose of the survey was to gather data that would aid humanities and social sciences librarians in making collection development decisions for their academic departments, the data will also be useful to all academic librarians who make decisions about e-books for their institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a study which analyzes citations from 19 leading print and digital literary journals in North America over a ten-year-period to examine the publication frequencies of academically affiliated writers as well as these writers' strength in various literary genres. It notes the increase in undergraduate and graduate programs for creative writing at universities in North America.

abstract: Instruction is a vital part of the academic librarian's public services mission, but the teaching efforts of special collections librarians can be overlooked due to the culture and particularities of teaching in an archival setting. This article documents the challenges special collections librarians face in integrating their teaching program into that of general library instruction, and details several approaches taken at our institution to achieve effective collaboration while retaining the value of our individual strengths and differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

abstract: This longitudinal study investigates the journal selections of 367 graduate students as they worked to fulfill a commonly assigned, criteria-based literature search on educational topics. The criteria called for evidence-based studies, published within the current ten years of course enrollment, within peer-reviewed journals. Student references were evaluated, but investigation revealed that students succeeded only partially in meeting the criteria. Two hundred ninety-nine journal titles used most commonly have resulted in a list that identified peer review status and research content characteristics for each title. The findings suggest new opportunities to improve library resources, instruction, and student achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the difficulties associated with the licensing, acquisition, and management of e-books in academic libraries. It mentions that building a strong e-book collection is difficult as many academic titles are not available in e-book format. Librarians have an important role in shaping the e-book environment, but academic e-books will be successful only when publishers and vendors adopt a business model that maintains their revenue while meeting the needs of libraries.

The article reviews the literature on assessment in academic and research libraries from 2005 to August 2011 in order to disclose new developments and directions in the assessment of academic and research libraries. It mentions that LIBQUAL+ and student learning outcomes in information literacy classes are used for assessment; input and output assessment has less importance. As the pace of the digitization increases, online quality assessment and learning-outcomes will become more important.

This is a personal case study of the implementation of a Netflix subscription to augment a media collection at a community college. The implementation process is explained against the backdrop of a particular collection development crisis that gripped the college media collection that year. In these particular circumstances, Netflix turned out to be an excellent, cost-effective solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid and significant changes in digital video production and delivery technologies have created both opportunities and challenges for film and video producers and distributors, as well as for their institutional clients. For distributors of commercial videos, the move toward online delivery has created an attendant need to reevaluate both the changing nature of the marketplace and the economic models employed in selling products in that market. This article outlines current and evolving models for licensing and delivering commercially produced educational and documentary video content online (streamed video on demand [VOD]), and presents both librarian and vendor perspectives on the benefits and liabilities of these various models. Broad issues considered in these discussions include the added value and changing market for video content delivered online; perspectives on term vs. in-perpetuity licensing; and the short- and long-term impact of new delivery models on collection development, collection budgets, and user services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the national higher education association's structure and role of partnership between the Association of American Universities (AAU) and the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) during the tenure of Duane Webster, executive director of ARL, to policy development. It notes that AAU and ARL were formed in 1900 by 14 U.S. universities and in 1932 by 42 research libraries, respectively. It states that AAU aims to enhance the quality and uniformity of graduate programs in U.S. universities while the goal of ARL was to develop and increase the usefulness of research collection in U.S. libraries. It also mentions that the AAU/ARL partnership developed by Duane has expanded the reach of ARL's development and implementation of national and institutional policy.

The work of James P. Danky, longtime librarian at the Wisconsin Historical Society, is situated within the intellectual context of collection-development practices. Danky's belief in the value of alternative periodicals--and the lengths that he went to identify and acquire them--may be interpreted as a rejection of increasingly mechanical and generic ways to develop library collections. Reliance on centralized selection procedures, approval plans, and serials vendors was not only tantamount to the "disintegration of librarians as sources of expertise," but also structurally privileged books and serials from mainstream publishers. The biennial Alternative Library Literature (1982-2001), which Danky coedited with Sanford Berman, is compared with the annual Library Lit.--The Best Of (1970-1990) to illuminate the way in which contrasting philosophical approaches to the selection of anthology articles may be interpreted as a microcosm of larger issues in collection development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the nature of digital materiality and broader historical context of electronic objects and collections. It mentions about the new approaches developed by theorists to describe digital objects that includes texts, images and databases by focusing on their material characteristics. It informs that new historical perspectives on digital objects has also been developed by analyzing them in the context of other modes of information transmission and considering how knowledge is shaped by the technologies used to produce and distribute it.

This article reports that as availability and usage of electronic journals have increased, so has interest in learning more about the nature of that use and its impact on library collection development practices and on scholarly communication. Rising costs of electronic journals coupled with declining library budgets also have led to heightened interest in being able to justify expenditures by gaining a better understanding of the benefits being realized. Vendor statistics often provide information about relative levels of use of electronic resources, but people have tended to know less about the users themselves and what they are doing with the electronic content that they access. Ohio State University's faculty and students are offered access to more than 5,600 electronic journals through the Ohio Library and Information Network (OhioLINK), a consortium of 84 Ohio academic libraries and the State Library of Ohio. OhioLINK has usage data organized by publisher, journal title, institutional affiliation of the user, and time period for articles in its "Electronic Journal Center," which was established in April 1998. These data show, for example, that overall usage in terms of the number of full-text articles downloaded has increased dramatically each year.

THIS ARTICLE CONSIDERS the treatment of special collections in libraries in North America and the world. It looks first at issues of providing access for an increasingly broad and diverse readership but with limited resources. Questions of the ownership of unique materials are then considered, with special reference to claims of national heritage and the difficulties confronted by libraries that hold iconic material from other cultures. Finally, tile article looks at some implications of the electronic revolution. While digitization can provide worldwide access to unique materials, it also leads to increased demands for access to the originals. The article concludes with this paradox, setting a context for dilemmas that will increasingly face special collections librarians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RARE BOOK, MANUSCRIPT, AND SPECIAL COLLECTIONS libraries remain both more difficult and more forbidding to use than any other parts of most libraries. A shift from an ethos that emphasized acquisition, cataloging, and preservation has brought into new prominence issues generally grouped together under the rubric of "promotion." This essay considers some of the ways in which this addition to the ethos of special collections has the potential to change for the better the ways such libraries are perceived and used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

USING THE PLANNING, DESIGN, AND CONSTRUCTION of the Elmer L, Andersen Library as a case study, this article explores the variety of planning and design issues that must be addressed in the building process. The Andersen Library is unique for its site selection and for the successful joining of eight archives and special collection units in a single building, his exploration looks at how the internal library planning meshes with the architectural design process; how chance events can present innovative design opportunities; and how the political process can affect funding priorities and Other realities, [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THIS ESSAY INTRODUCES the overall subject of the present issue of Library Trends and puts into a contemporary and historical context all the pieces which follow. The authors look at the current world of special collections, showing how it has evolved and how, in many ways, issues of the past are still with us. Libraries change, in all of their capacities and departments. Special collections and archives have always presented specific challenges to those in charge of them. Those concerns have changed in many ways, but they have not disappeared. And new challenges and initiatives, new technologies, and new ways of configuring the infrastructure of the institutions which house the collections bring special collections librarians and archivists the need to stay current with the world of information management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents views on trends in special collections libraries, as of 2003. Philosophy of resource-sharing in agreements for special collections programs; Role of special collections as an institutional responsibility; Revival of interest in the history of the book.

The article discusses the role of consortia in academic libraries, specifically the Illinois Digital Academic Library (IDAL). Interviews were conducted with several Illinois academic librarians representing a cross-section of university libraries. The article focuses on a variety of issues surrounding full text database research including content, searching functionality, peer-reviewed status, embargoes, publisher relations, etc. The conclusion affirms the validity and benefit of IDAL as experienced by member libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]