Search

New Caledonia is well known as a hot spot of biodiversity whose origin as a land mass can be traced back to the Gondwanan supercontinent. The local flora and fauna, in addition to being remarkably rich and endemic, comprise many supposedly relictual groups. Does the New Caledonian biota date back to Gondwanan times, building up its richness and endemism over 100 Myr or does it result from recent diversifications after Tertiary geological catastrophic events? Here we use a molecular phylogenetic approach to answer this question with the study of the Neocaledonian cockroach genus Angustonicus belonging to the subfamily Tryonicinae from Australia and New Caledonia. Both geological and molecular dating show that the diversification of this group is less than two million years old, whatever the date of its origin itself. This dating is not consistent with hypotheses of Gondwanan richness and endemism in New Caledonian biota. In other terms, local richness and endemism at the specific level are not necessarily related to an old Gondwanan origin of the Neocaledonian groups., (© The Willi Hennig Society 2005.)

The geometric mean length (GML) is proposed as a new statistic aimed at describing the evenness of character changes on a tree for a given set of character optimizations. It is the geometric mean of the number of steps on each branch of the tree, varying between a maximum value when all branch lengths are equal, and a minimum value when all branches but one have only one character step. It can be scaled according to its theoretical maximum value, thus indicating a relative GML that allows a comparison of the evenness of character steps between different tree topologies.

The law of the unspecialized states that specialized taxa have evolved from more generalized ancestors. Moreover, it is usually assumed that ecological specialization is irreversible and hence leads to extinction. This study aims to test these assumptions using a phylogenetic framework in a case study within the springtail genus Willemia and its diverse life habits. This genus is represented mostly by loam-dwelling species (generalized condition), but some species are psammophilous, living in sandy habitats (specialized condition). Fifty-two morphological characters were examined in 34 of the 36 species of the genus and in three outgroups. The cladistic analysis yielded two most parsimonious trees (tree length 124 steps; consistency index 0.56; retention index 0.86). The evolution of psammophily versus loam-confined life is compared to the cladogram: unexpectedly, psammophily is not an evolutionary innovation that occurred once in a monophyletic group; the evolutionary scenario that parsimoniously fits the phylogeny suggests that psammophily is ancestral to the genus Willemia and reversed twice to loam-confined life. These results demonstrate that habitat generalists can evolve from habitat specialists and therefore that habitat specializations are not necessarily an evolutionary dead end. Many other seemingly specialized characters may be shown to be equally malleable.