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Objective: To investigate if dietary protein and degree of adiposity interacts in relation to change in body weight and waist circumference (WC) in the general population., Methods: In total 22,433 middle-aged individuals with dietary assessment at baseline and anthropometry at baseline and at follow-up about 5 years later were analyzed with multiple linear regression and dietary macronutrient substitution models. Interactions between dietary protein and baseline body mass index (BMI) and baseline WC adjusted for BMI (WCBMI ) (divided in tertiles; nine groups total), were analyzed in relation to changes in body weight (BW) and changes WC adjusted for change in BW., Results: Baseline intake of protein was not significantly associated with changes in weight or waist circumference. Across the nine groups of baseline BMI and WCBMI there were no distinct trends in the associations between dietary protein, whether replacing carbohydrate or fat, and weight change. However, individuals in the highest tertile of baseline BMI (irrespective of baseline WCBMI ) had significantly inverse change in waist circumference when protein replaced carbohydrate, but not when protein replaced fat., Conclusion: Replacing carbohydrate with protein in the diet may prevent a relative increase in WC in individuals with a greater BMI., (© 2014 The Obesity Society.)

Unlabelled: Hip circumference has been shown to be inversely associated with mortality. Muscle atrophy in the gluteofemoral region may be a possible explanation and thus physical activity is likely to play an important role., Objective: To estimate the combined effects of hip circumference and physical activity on mortality., Design and Methods: From the Copenhagen City Heart Study, 3,358 men and 4,350 women aged 21 to 93 years without pre-existing diagnosis of diabetes, stroke, ischemic heart disease, or cancer in 1991-1994 and with complete information on the variables of interest were included in the analyses. The participants were followed to 2009 in the Danish Civil Registration System, with 1.3% loss to follow-up and 2,513 deaths. Hazard ratios (HR) were estimated for combinations of physical activity and hip circumference., Results: Hip circumference was inversely associated with mortality irrespective of being physically active or not. However, being physically active seemed to counterbalance some of the adverse health effects of a small hip circumference; when comparing inactive to active, the excess mortality at the 25th percentile of hip circumference is 40% in men (HR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.14-1.72) and 33% in women (HR = 1.33, CI: 1.10-1.62). These associations were observed after adjustment for waist circumference and weight change in the 6 months before the examination., Conclusion: Less effects of physical activity were found in individuals with greater hip circumferences. A small hip circumference appears hazardous to survival. However, being physically active may counterbalance some of the hazardous effects of a small hip circumference., (Copyright © 2012 The Obesity Society.)