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Introduction: The mouth is an essential feature of the human body since it is there that the breath and food of life pass. In addition, it bears witness to our emotions. Today, the smile has become a major means of communication and of "self-affirmation"., Objective: The first task of the orthodontist is to restore correct function while, obviously, also contributing to enhance the patient's appearance., Materials and Methods: In this article, we will present six cases to demonstrate that the leading mission of orthodontics is to restore the occlusion and function., (© EDP Sciences, SFODF, 2018.)

The success is evidenced by the longevity of aesthetic and functional therapeutic result. The occlusal «postorthodontic» failure could result in dental instability, functional discomfort, dental or musculo-articular complaint. Analysis of the occlusion research potential occlusal pathogenic dysfunction listed in stabilizing (shimming), centering and guiding anomalies. The large capacity of tolerance of the masticatory system makes it difficult to define the border between physiology and pathology but it is necessary to have benchmarks that can be summarized as follows: - shimming: occlusal contact of mesio-lingual cusp of the first maxillary molars (in Class I, II or III) and occlusal contacts between the canines antagonists; - centering: no transversal deflected occlusion between maximal Intercuspation (ICP) and occlusion in Centric Relation (RCP); - guiding: absence of posterior interference, absence of anterior interference (locking)., (© EDP Sciences, SFODF, 2016.)

A transverse dimension deficiency is most often the result of functional disorders. Poor tongue posture at rest and during function as well as digit-sucking give rise to deficiencies which are initially alveolar but which, with time, frequently end up becoming skeletal. The combination of functional rehabilitation and transverse dimension treatment is the best way to avoid many relapses. We need to monitor this anomaly closely, from diagnosis to retention. Otherwise, failure awaits us., (© EDP Sciences, SFODF, 2016.)

The goal of this work is to study, using a sample of 95 persons, the parameters of the 14 points of the 3D Treil cephalometric analysis and to compare them to the facial volumes of these subjects. The 3D parameters are described on three levels and for all three dimensions of space; they are also defined statistically for each class of occlusion, and indications are given for sagittal two-dimensional variables. The correlations between all these variables and facial bones and air cavity volumes are also analyzed. The antero-posterior and vertical variables showed more statistically significant relationships with volumes than with transverse parameters. It appears that a Class III occlusion is primarily related to the vertical and antero-posterior position of the mandible and its morphology and not to its size, while Class II Division 1 types are associated with increased size of the maxillary sinuses. It also appears that facial hyper-divergence is related to a decrease in the size of the maxilla and the mandible.

IOTN is an index of orthodontic treatment need that has been devised on the basis of the available evidences of the deleterious effects of malocclusion on the aesthetic and health of the dentition. It has two components i.e. an aesthetic component and a dental health component. This index is widely used in epidemiological research and by third party payment for determination of those patients who should benefit from public funding.

Most adolescents in developing countries undergo orthodontic treatment. Three main reasons are routinely cited to justify the provision of orthodontic treatment i.e. the improvement of facial and/or dental aesthetic, the preservation of the health and functioning of the dentition. Orthodontic indices have been devised to minimise the subjectivity related to the classic orthodontic diagnosis. These indices can be classified under five headings: nosological, epidemiological, treatment need, outcome and complexity.

Laude and the Lille orthodontic department describe the trigeminal nerve as the main architect of the face. Using the points where it emerges into the cranium, the authors propose an analysis, which they base on four concepts: --the stability of the pterygoid base, --the interaction between two activities, prehensile and masticatory, of the oral cavity, --the cranio-mandibular entity, --the importance of the paired fifth cranial nerve. This study deals with vertical dimension of both alveolar and basal bone, as well as global, ramal, and maxillary growth directions, which they conceptualize as three parallel, convergent, or divergent lines. This analysis can be carried out quickly and easily because it requires only four simple measurements.

Orthodontic cases, presenting a deep-bite skeletal pattern, show a number of structural and alveolodental features. In order to reveal the areas of imbalance, a study based on the principles of Biggerstaaf's cephalometric analysis was performed: this analysis allows a more precise approach than the classical angular analysis, showing up the proportions of each patient and their variations. Consequently, it remains possible to assert a treatment strategy.

The stability of orthopedic treatments has been studied in many ways, but conclusions are very divergent. Usually, the methodology is not reproducible and unfavourable to compare the results. The structural analysis, described by Lautou, Dunglas and Vermelin, help to distinguish the skeletal from the dental effects, during treatments using activators. Clinical cases treated with activator appliances show that the relapse appears when the orthopedic response is poor and when the dento-alveolar compensations are strong.

The use of rapid palatal expansion (RPE) escalates greatly in routine clinical practice. The most commonly recognized indication for rapid palatal expansion is the correction of a posterior crossbite. RPE is produced by applying a lateral force against the posterior maxillary dentition, producing a separation of the midpalatal suture and its remodeling. The clinical consequence of such a change is an increase in total arch length. That will allow the accommodation of impacted, rotated or displaced teeth into the dental arch. This additional arch length may lead to an overall reduction in the number of patients who undergo extraction due to tooth size-arch size discrepancies. RPE also can be used for preparation for functional jaw orthopedics or orthognathic surgery. Generally, RPE appliances are fixed and there are two types of expanders: the Haas-type and the Hyrax-type rapid palatal expanders. This clinical article presents three cases of rapid palatal expansion and their results.

An original analysis by computer has been imagined. Etiological diagnosis in recurrence's cases is based on asymmetry. Different levels were investigated: dental arch, ridge, basal bone and mandibular position. Dental shift, deformed bone, eccentric mandibular and occlusal distortion were found. Each molar is independently moving. Mandibular basal bone is stabilized in the transverse dimension. Mandibular deviation induces compression or stretching in temporo-mandibular articulation. Occlusal interferences involve distortion of cuspal plans. To reach stable objectives, molars require symmetrical position below one millimeter discrepancy, molar locking is to be had for the disto-vestibular cusp and ovoid arch. A special anchor apparatus allows to correct every wrong position of each individual molar, in each three-directional space. Mini-positioner or mini-splint perfect anterior misalignment. Sometimes, thermical memory archs are required. Ten fundamental rules that regulate occlusal and mandibular stability have been checked after treatment.

Adults orthodontics shows a great difference from the classic orthodontic therapy performed at school age. The transfer of the basic guidelines and of the clinical experiences in the adult orthodontic management, needs a total reshaping of rules and procedures, and moreover a pluridisciplinary approach. Theoretical and clinical problems related to this topic are discussed, in relation to the possible therapeutic behaviour.

Despite successful orthodontic-orthopedic treatments, some patients present with lower face vertical excess, that causes labial incompetence. In order to treat that excess, and to restore normal balance between upper and lower face, the authors propose that functional genioplasty be carried out. Clinical and cephalometric criteria of vertical excess are describe, as well as the surgical technique and post-operative care. Several treated cases are presented.

Growth induces very important modifications of the skeletal positions of the maxilla and the mandible and the precise position of the teeth is not foreseeable before an attempt to evaluate the situation the bones will be in by the end of the treatment has been made. Predictability factors are examined and a specific construction of V.T.O. is suggested. Then a new superposition is proposed which allows to determine the direction and range of teeth displacements.

A sample of 30 children who were between 8 and 15 years old is used for this study. The first part, using a cephalometric study (with two analysis: Ricketts and Sassouni), of these children's facial type, try to explain what expected the orthodontist after a partial resection of the tongue before treatment. In a second part, dental and skeletal effects of this surgery are studied, during a short period (5 to 10 months) before the beginning of the orthodontic treatment. These results are discussed according to research works realized by different authors.

Therapeutic extractions in Orthodontics has decreased in the last few years. The idea of that early treatment, functional appliances, upper molar and bicuspids distal movements, upper sagittal suture opening and other proceedings, reduce extraction practice is widely extended. Unfavorable effects like facial profile worsening and TMJ problems has been related to extractions. In this study common arguments against extractions has been analysed and attacked. Some cases are presented to illustrate non-extraction reliability. Main conclusions are: there is not relationship between extraction and TMJ dysfunctions; profile changes depend on technique not on extractions "per se"; profile gets better in alveolar prognatisms; non-extraction tendency rely most on some viewpoints away from biologic facts than clinical evidences.

This work is about perceptions of "professionals" in projection of part of nose, lips and chin relations in well-balanced facial profile achievement and change in facial profile during the growth between 7 and 18 years. It's the first part of our research.

Since unilateral mastication causes asymmetry of mouth and face, a child's interincisal midline can reveal the first signs of alteration of masticatory function. Early detection of the functional pathology, preferably before it has established itself as such, allows the clinician to correct it by means that are relatively unburdensome for the patient, thereby forestalling severe organic alteration and favouring proper, balanced occlusal development. Centering the mandible in stable centric occlusion, together with simple treatment promoting alternating bilateral mastication, allows the correct development of the growing patient's stomatognathic system.