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The present study aimed to evaluate the dentin bond strengths of all-in-one adhesives in combination with flowable-resin-composites of different manufacturers. The materials used in this study were two all-in-one adhesives (BeautiBond Multi, BM, and Clearfil Bond SE ONE, SE) and four flowable resin composites (Clearfil Majesty ES Flow, CME; Estelite Flow Quick, EFQ; MI Flow II, MIF; and Beautifil Flow Plus F03, BFP). By combining each all-in-one adhesive and flowable resin composite, eight experimental groups were established. The shear bond strengths (SBSs) in each group were measured, and the data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. The SBSs of the group that used SE showed no significant differences among all flowable resin composites (p>0.05), whereas those of the group that used BM showed significant differences between BFP and CME, and CME and EFQ. The combinations showed dentin bond strength ranging approximately from 20 to 30 MPa.

The aim of this study was to histologically evaluate direct pulp capping using different all-in-one adhesives in rat teeth. Five all-in-one adhesives and a control material (MTA) were used. Each material was applied on the exposed pulp, and each cavity was subsequently restored with the resin composite. Rats were sacrificed 14 days after the surgical procedure. Serial stained sections were histologically evaluated for examining pulp tissue disorganization (PTD), inflammatory cell infiltration (ICI), dentin bridge formation (DBF), and bacterial penetration (BP). We found that rat pulps, which were direct capped with all-in-one adhesives, showed various degrees of PTD, ICI, and DBF depending on the material, and that there were no complete dentin bridges. In contrast, rat pulps capped with MTA showed no PTD and ICI, and there were complete dentin bridges in all, but one specimen. No BP was observed in any specimen.

The purpose of this study was to examine three- and two-body wear values of flowable resin composites for posterior restorations, using a mechanical loading device. The cavities prepared on flattened extracted molars were restored with flowable resin composites (Clearfil Majesty LV: MLV, Estelite Flow Quick: EFQ, Beautifil Flow Plus F00: BFP, and MI Fill: MIF) using accompanying adhesive systems. A universal resin composite (Clearfil Majesty) was used as a control. The specimens were subjected to in vitro three- and two-body wear testing. MLV showed high wear value (three-body: 14.69 µm, two-body: 0.268 mm(3)) compared with other materials tested in both three- and two-body wear tests. BFP showed high three-body wear value (5.78 µm), whereas low two-body wear value (0.008 mm(3)). MIF and EFQ showed equivalent wear values (MIF, three-body: 0.42 µm, two-body: 0.026 mm(3); EFQ, three-body: 1.15 µm, two-body: 0.14 mm(3)) to that of the control in both wear tests.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of cyclic impact loading (CIL) on the surface properties of flowable resin composites for posterior restorations. Cavities were filled with one of four flowable resin composites—Clearfil Majesty LV, Estelite Flow Quick, Beautifil Flow Plus F00, or Unifil Loflow Plus—and photo-polymerized. Clearfil Majesty was used as a control. Specimens were subjected to in vitro CIL testing with a mechanical loading device. The CIL-generated defect in the resin composite was scanned and traced at 10,000, 20,000, 30,000, and 40,000 cycles with a profilometer (n=5). An image scanner and computer program were used to calculate the mean defect depth on each resin composite restoration. Data were statistically analyzed with ANOVA and the post-hoc Tukey test. All tested flowable resin composites showed more surface degradation than the control after 40,000 CIL cycles.

This study evaluated, by measuring Vickers hardness (Hv), the effects of these factors on the degree of polymerization of dual-cure cement (Panavia F2.0) placed under a restoration: light transmission property of restoratives materials, distance from the directly irradiated surface, and elapsed time after light irradiation. Two materials were used for the restoration: silver-palladium-copper-gold alloy (Alloy) versus zirconia (ZR). Restorations were cemented on bovine enamel by dual-cure cement. At 30 min, 2 h, 6 h, 1 day, and 1 week after definitive irradiation, Hv values at the enamel side of cement were evaluated at three measuring points: two points at the left and right margins and one point at the center. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction (α=0.05). With the Alloy restoration, Hv value at the center was significantly lower than those at the margins at 30 min after irradiation. For both Alloy and ZR restorations, Hv value at each measuring point continued to increase significantly up to 6 h.

This study evaluated the effects of combined use of metal primers and modified monomers on the bonding of MMA-TBBO resins to pure palladium (Pd). Bonding surface was polished with 600-grit silicon carbide paper and primed with one of these four metal primers: V-Primer, M. L. Primer, Metaltite, or Alloy Primer. Four monomers, including three modified ones, were added to MMATBBO resin. One was a methyl methacrylate monomer containing no adhesion promoting monomers, while the other two modified monomers contained the functional monomer of either V-Primer or Alloy Primer. Bonded specimens were prepared by incremental build-up of MMA-TBBO resin on primed Pd surfaces. Shear bond strengths were measured after thermal cycling. Bonding to Pd was significantly improved when modified monomer containing the functional monomer of Alloy Primer was used in combination with M. L. Primer or Metaltite applied on the bonding surface.

This study evaluated the effect of abutment materials on the fracture resistance of composite crowns for premolars. Composite crowns were fabricated using two different indirect composite resin materials (Meta Color Prime Art or Estenia C&B) and cemented onto either a metal (Castwell M.C. 12) or composite resin (Build-It FR and FibreKor) abutment with resin cement (Panavia F2.0). Twenty-four specimens were fabricated for four groups (n=6 each) and subjected to 280-N cyclic impact loading at 1.0 Hz. The number of cycles which caused the composite crown to fracture was defined as its fracture resistance. All data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and the Bonferroni test (α=0.05). Composite crowns cemented onto resin abutments showed higher fracture resistance than those cemented onto metal abutments.

This study investigated the effect of adherend temperature on shear bond strengths of auto-polymerizing resin to denture base resin and 4-META/MMA-TBBO resin to silver-palladium-copper-gold (Ag-Pd-Cu-Au) alloy. Bonding procedure was carried out when adherend temperature was 10, 23, 37, or 55°C, and shear bond strengths (SBSs) were measured before and after thermocycling. Before thermocycling, there were no significant differences in bond strength among the four adherend temperatures for each adhesive resin: 31.59±6.11-32.89±2.12 MPa for auto-polymerizing resin; 35.43±2.2-38.38±0.61 MPa for 4-META/MMA-TBBO resin. After thermocycling, optimal adherend temperature to achieve the highest bond strength was 37°C for auto-polymerizing resin to denture base resin (30.02±2.29 MPa) and 10ºC for 4-META/MMA-TBBO resin to Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy (37.14±2.17 MPa).

This study evaluated the effects of metal primers on the bonding of adhesive resin to four pure metals (Au, Pd, Ag, Cu) and two noble alloys for porcelain fusing (high-gold and high-palladium content alloys). Bonding surface was polished with 600-grit silicon carbide paper and primed with one of the three metal primers (V-Primer, Metaltite, and M.L. Primer). Bonded specimens were fabricated by applying adhesive resin (Super-Bond C&B) on the primed surface. Shear bond strength (SBS) was determined both before and after thermocycling (4-60 degrees C for 2,000 cycles). The highest SBS values to each pure metal after thermocycling were 33.5 MPa for Au by M.L. Primer, 35.0 MPa for Ag by V-Primer, and 34.4 MPa for Cu by Metaltite. SBS to high-gold content alloy after thermocycling was 33.3 MPa by M.L. Primer. None of the primers was effective for pure Pd and high-palladium content alloy after thermocycling.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength (MTBS) of an experimental adhesive system, which was prepared using different concentrations of calcium chloride (CaCl(2)) and synthetic peptides (pA/pB). Specimens were divided into six experimental groups and two control groups. In the experimental groups, self-etching primers used in the adhesive system comprised both Primer-I (Clearfil SE Bond Primer (SEP) containing 1, 5, or 10 wt% CaCl(2)) and Primer-II (SEP containing 0.1, 1, 5, or 10 wt% pA/pB). The negative control group used Primer-I containing 10 wt% CaCl(2 )and Primer-II containing 10 wt% pA/pB. The positive control group used Clearfil SE Bond only. Respective primers, bonding resin, and composite paste were applied and photopolymerized individually on flattened dentin surfaces of extracted human molars. All specimens were subjected to MTBS testing (n=20). Two-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in MTBS among CaCl(2 )concentrations in Primer-I and pA/pB concentrations in Primer-II (p

This study evaluated the effect of a fiber-premixed indirect resin composite (FMC) substructure on the fracture resistance of mesialocclusal-distal (MOD) indirect composite restorations adhered to extracted human upper premolars. The teeth received a standardized MOD cavity preparation, and indirect composite inlays were fabricated with or without using the FMC. Inlays were cemented into the cavity preparations using either Super-Bond C&B or Panavia F2.0. A total of 28 specimens, namely seven specimens for four groups, were thus fabricated. Failure load and failure energy were determined after thermocycling (4-60 degrees C for 5,000 cycles). In terms of failure load, no significant differences were found among the four groups. In terms of failure energy, FMC substructure exerted a significantly favorable effect on Super-Bond C&B-bonded group but a negative one on Panavia F2.0-bonded group. In conclusion, the failure energy of the group using FMC substructure and which was adhered using Super-Bond C&B was significantly higher than the other groups.

This study evaluated the effect of light intensity on the shear bond strength (SBS) of two self-etch adhesive systems: SI-R20401 (an experimental two-step) and Fluoro Bond Shake One (a commercial one-step bonding system). The adhesive systems were applied to the flat dentin surfaces of extracted human teeth according to manufacturers' instructions. Light intensities used for the adhesive systems were 100, 300, and 500 mW/cm2. A resin composite paste was placed and polymerized for 40 seconds with 600 mW/cm2 of light intensity after each bonding procedure. Specimens were subjected to SBS test with a 1.0 mm/minute crosshead speed. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post hoc test. Two-way ANOVA showed no significant differences in the effects of the adhesive system, light intensity for appliedadhesive, and the interaction between them. Based on the results and limitations of this study, it was concluded that light intensity showed no significant effects on the SBS of the two self-etch adhesive systems.

The purposes of this study were twofold: (1) to examine the effects of bleaching on the bond strength of an adhesive to bovine tooth surfaces; and (2) to explore the effectiveness of an ascorbic acid application in preventing the deterioration of bonding ability due to bleaching. In the experimental groups, ascorbic acid was applied to the bleached bovine tooth surfaces. In the control groups, the tooth specimens were bleached but no ascorbic acid application was carried out. All bonded specimens were subjected to shear bond test, and the data were statistically analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's test (p=0.05). Bond strengths to the bleached specimens were significantly lower than those of non-bleached specimens. No statistical differences were found in bond strength between the bleached and non-bleached groups when the ascorbic acid treatment was carried out. Results of this study suggested that ascorbic acid application was effective in preventing the reduction of bonding ability to bleached teeth.

This study evaluated the effect of air-blowing variables on the microtensile bond strength (microTBS) of two all-in-one adhesives. A bonding agent was applied to the flat dentin surface of extracted bovine teeth, and the surface left undisturbed for 20 seconds. Gentle or intensive air-blowing was applied for five seconds, and the adhesive photopolymerized for 10 seconds. Resin composite paste was placed and cured after each bonding treatment. Specimens were subjected to microTBS test with a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post hoc test. When Clearfil tri-S Bond was bonded to dentin, the microTBS value of specimens applied with intensive air-blowing was significantly higher than that applied with gentle air-blowing (p

This study evaluated the wear resistance and sealing property of endodontic temporary restoratives by means of functional stressing using a wear simulator. The pulp chamber of 28 extracted molars was opened and filled with cotton, and then the cavity was filled with a temporary material--Caviton, Temporary Pack, Neodyne-alpha, or TERM. Specimens were subjected to a wear test, and data for wear and dye penetration were analyzed by one-way ANOVA independently (p < 0.05). Wear values of Neodyne-alpha (0.09 +/- 0.05 mm) and TERM (0.24 +/- 0.06 mm) were significantly less than those of Caviton (1.79 +/- 0.15 mm) and Temporary Pack (1.02 +/- 0.40 mm). In terms of dye penetration, Neodyne-a leaked significantly less than the other materials at 0.40 +/- 0.32 mm. On the other hand, there were no significant differences between TERM (1.30 +/- 0.57 mm) and Temporary Pack (2.10 +/- 0.12 mm), and between Caviton (2.60 +/- 0.41 mm) and Temporary Pack.

This study investigated the stability of a resin-paint material (Master Palette)--which was developed for chairside shade modification of composite restorations--by evaluating its bond strength to indirect resin composite and surface degradation. Bond strength was evaluated with four surface treatments including an application of methylene chloride, airborne particle abrasion with 50 microm aluminum oxide, and additional applications of bonding agents after air-abrasion. The surface roughness (Rz value) of both the resin-paint and indirect resin composite before and after thermo-cycling (4-60 degrees C, 50,000 cycles) was also evaluated. All data were statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Boneferroni's test (p=0.05). It was found that bond strength was improved by bonding agent application (14.9+/-1.9 MPa to 18.6+/-2.2 MPa, p