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The possibility of increasing the efficacy of restoration of the circulating blood volume (CBV) in shock was demonstrated in experiments on 33 anesthesized female cats. Intramuscular injection of lactin one hour before blood loss (2% of body mass) in a dose of 5 U/kg or its intravenous infusion 90 minutes after blood loss in a dose of 50 U/kg was attended by restoration of the plasma volume in 5 hours. The prospects of further research into improvement of the efficacy of CBV in shock through activation of the body's reserves are substantiated.

In chronic experiments on conscious and quiet rats norepinephrine, isoproterenol, ether, hexenal and ketamine narcosis decreased the cerebral fraction of cardiac output but increased transcapillary filtration in tissues of rubidium chloride and blood supply in the capacitive part of blood vessels. The changes produced by pyroxan, obsidan and ornid in the same conditions were insignificant. A decrease of the cerebral fraction of cardiac output, an increase of transcapillary filtration of rubidium in the brain tissues and regional blood supply took place under the action of pyroxan, obsidan and ornid in experiments with immobilization of rats.

General regularities of changes in the regional venous and systemic hemodynamics under the influence of venotropic drugs are considered. Particular emphasis is given to problems of pharmacodynamics of venotropic agents. The mechanisms of their action, similarity and differences in phlebohemodynamic effects, problems of clinical use and also prospects of the further research on pharmacology of venotropic agents are discussed.

Experiments on anesthetized and unanesthetized cats and examination of 42 neurosurgical patients have shown that nitroglycerin considerably increases cerebral and peripheral circulation, raises the pressure in the internal jugular vein and brain ventricles, increases the lumen of cerebral vessels of predominantly minor caliber, speeds up the linear and volumetric rate of the cerebral blood flow. Nitroglycerin induces a decrease in the systemic arterial and perfusion pressure. No species differences in the manifestations of the nitroglycerin pharmacological effect confirmed in the principle the common organization of the adrenergic mechanisms that control the cardiovascular system. Nitroglycerin is effective for prevention and therapy of cerebral angiospasms.

The investigation of the volume of the circulating blood in 129 patients operated for gastro-intestinal hemorrhage has shown that by the end of the operation there was an increasing deficiency of the circulating blood volume and HO in spite of hemotransfusion therapy. The use of prolonged ganglionic blockade resulted in the increased circulating blood volume and HO in patients by the end of operation at the expense of redeposition of blood.

The physiological effects of zero-g were simulated by 6-hour antiorthostatic hypokinesia at -15 degrees, using eight healthy volunteers. They took part in two experimental runs at a 2 week interval. During the first study the test subjects received a placebo and during the second study they got 6 mg dihydroergotamine methane sulfonate per os. Radiometric examinations of the whole body and its compartments (head, chest, abdomen, legs) showed that the drug increased blood pooling in the upper body and decreased it in the lower body at every position of the long axis of the body relative to the gravity vector.

Man's orthostatic tolerance and physical work capacity declined in response to 6-hour head-down tilt at -15 degrees. During tilt tests heart rate increased, blood pressure fell, and blood pooling in the upper body decreased. During exercise tests the circulating blood volume, total amount of the work performed, and consumed oxygen decreased. Sydnocarb given at a dose of 25 mg during head-down tilt did not influence the circulating blood volume and oxygen consumption. All other parameters varied approaching the pretest values.

Intravenous administration of prostaglandin A1--PGA1 (10 gamma/kg) brings down arterial pressure, increases the rate of cardiac contractions, of cardiac output and myocardial contractility. Despite elevated pressure in the pulmonary artery the overall pulmonary resistance decreases without any substantial intensification of the right ventricle output. The mean circulation volume in the common carotid and superior mesenteric arteries shows but a momentary increase under the effect of PGA1. This is attended by a more significant and protracted rise of the circulation volume in the femoral and renal arteries, the maximum increase amounting to 140 and 39 per cent, respectively.

Changes in the activity of renin in the venous blood plasma of dogs, its volume and the circulating blood volume (CBV) were studied in chronic tests under the effect many days of diuretics administration. A comparison of the plasms renin activity as against changes in the volume of plasma and CBV occurring under the effect of saluretics gives an idea on the factorc regulating the renin secretion by the kidneys.

102 patients with abdominal aorta and its branches atherosclerotic injuries of various forms and localization have been studied. The patients have showed significant disturbances of the rheologic blood properties which aggravate during the surgical treatment and play a big part in the development of postoperative thrombotic and microcirculatory complications. An outline of the correction of hemorheologic disorders allowing to diminish the number of complications and to improve the results of the treatment of this pathology is devised and set forth in this work.

The authors report the data on changes in some indices of the hemodynamics, red blood, total blood serum protein, the circulatory volume and amount of the operative blood loss in radical surgical treatment of patients with cancer of the esophagus and cardia. Depending on the kind of anesthesia all patients were subdivided into three groups: in the first group ether-nitrous oxide-oxygen endotracheal narcosis was employed, in the second-fluothane-nitrous oxide-oxygen endotracheal narcosis and in the third-neuroleptanalgesia.

While analysing the circulating blood volume (CBV), plasma volume (PV), globular volume (GV) and the amount of circulating protein (ACP) in 109 cases of stenosing gastric and duodenal ulcer, the authors have found that the most of patients (89.9%) develop concomitant hypovolemia, the severity of which depends on the severity of the disease itself and on the degree of the interstitial protein metabolic disorders. Gastric resection aggravated volemic disturbances or caused the new ones. The authors elaborated some recommendations helping to combat volemic disturbances.

In experiments with anesthetized female-rats the influence of intravenous prostaglandins F2alpha (40 mg/kg) and Ei (10 mg/kg) on the cardiac output (by the method of dye dilution) and on the blood flow distribution among organs and tissues (by the method of Rb86 distribution) was studied. Prostaglandin F2alpha increased the arterial pressure, cardiac output along with the volume of the circulating plasma and reduced the total peripheral resistance. The hypertensive effect of prostaglandin F 2alpha is, under the circumstances, conditioned by the increased cardiac output and this substance is also instrumental in augmenting the proportion of the blood flow going to the digestive tract, skeletal muscles and, at the same time, in reducing its share flowing to the liver, spleen, skin and the uterus. Prostaglandin E1 reduced the blood pressure and total peripheral resistance and raised the cardiac output. The hypotensive effec of prostaglandin Ei is due to the fall of the total peripheral resistance. This compound tends to increase the part of the cardiac output that goes to supply the intesine, liver, lungs, myocardium and skeletal muscles and cuts down that part which caters for the stomach and kidneys.

In experiments on anesthetized cats by using the method of hydrogen clearance it was found that noradrenaline and adrenaline at doses of 0.01-10 micrograms/kg intravenously produced dose-dependent various changes in organ blood flow that were caused by differences in the action on adrenoreceptors and the degree of hypertensive reaction. The vessels of the intestine and kidneys possessed the highest sensitivity to noradrenaline and the cerebral vessels had the least sensitivity.

The paper is concerned with the use of peridural anesthesia (PA) in operations for struma in a considerable size and retrosternal localization of the latter, thyrotoxicosis, grave concomitant lesions. The authors have employed PA in 12 patients, in 2 of them in association with endotracheal narcosis, in 9 in combination with neuroleptoanalgesia (NLA), and in 1 postoperatively to liquidate successfully the laryngeal mucosa edema, developed following surgery for struma performed under endotracheal narcosis.

The investigation of parameters of the circulating blood volume, rheological properties of blood and hemostasis was performed in 183 patients operated upon for diseases of organs of the abdominal cavity and major vessels. The authors recommend to use rheopolyglucin and the 5% solution of albumin (2:1) for the operative normovolemic hemodilution.

Potentiality of designing individual dosage of sisomicin and gentamicin in regard to "patient factors" was estimated. 62 adult patients with various pulmonary diseases at the background of volemic disorders of diverse degrees were treated with the aminoglycosides under monitoring of their blood levels. Concentrations of sisomicin and gentamicin in serum 1, 3 and 6 hours after their single administration in a dose of 1 mg/kg were determined by HELC. The antibiotic pharmacokinetics was characterized by pronounced individual variability. The ratio of the difference between the upper and lower confidence limits to the average values of the steady-state volume of distribution, the total clearance and the mean residence time amounted to 70, 60 and 57 per cent respectively. To elucidate the cause of the variability multiple correlation analysis of the pharmacokinetic parameters by the "patient factors" was performed. The highest coefficient of the multiple correlation (r = 0.690) defined relation between the aminoglycoside concentration 1 hour after the injection and the hematocrit, globular volume and phase of the volemic disorders which was expressed in coded variables. The coefficient of the multiple correlation between the total clearance and the body surface area, concentrations of creatinine and urea in serum, hematocrit, circulating blood volume and the phase of the volemic disorders was equal to 0.439. Therefore, the consideration of the above factors allowed to explain only 20 per cent of the observed individual variability of the pharmacokinetic parameters. In this connection mediated prediction of total clearance and subsequently individual dosage of the aminoglycosides by the "patient factors" was expedient only until the primary data on the pharmacokinetic monitoring were obtained.

The authors observed 53 cases of profuse gastroinstestinal bleeding resulting from the use of "ulcerogenic" drugs (reserpine, prednisolone, butadione, acetylsalycylic acid) for hypertensive disease, bronchial asthma, infections polyarthritis, influenza etc. The active but temporizing therapeutic tactics was applied. Of 53 cases of profuse gastrointestinal bleeding 48 survived (90.6%) and 5 died (9.4%).

This paper reviews published data concerning physiological mechanisms of man's orthostatic tolerance and its decline under the influence of space flight factors. The principles, goals and potentialities of drug correction of orthostatic intolerance are presented. The applicability of selected drugs used separately or in combination with traditional countermeasures is discussed.