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Access to essential information resources through mobile devices has become a routine activity. From smart portable notebooks to tablets, smartphones to embedded devices, mobile databases are emerging as a key factor in the mobile computing ecosystem. These devices are handy and user-friendly; users can access information regardless of their geographic location, anytime, utilizing wireless and cellular communications. In addition to the convenience they offer, modern mobile systems exhibit the potential to promote the green computing paradigm and by extension a safer environment for humanity to thrive. The paper presents a concise but concrete review of mobile database systems in the green mobile computing ecosystem. The data source comprises 343 papers from notable repositories: IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital library, Springer and Science Direct. 43 papers were selected for analysis based on meeting the two preset suitability criteria: mobile databases and green computing. The study shows that there is not much literature on mobile database systems vis-à-vis the green computing ecosystem, hence, a promising research niche. The paper concludes that mobile databases are evolving rapidly and there is every possibility that their progress towards maturity could further reduce the energy consumption of mobile devices whose fundamental data store relies on these mobile databases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the potential benefits of using Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithm to enhance the driving performance and safety of autonomous vehicles. MPC is a control strategy that uses a mathematical model of the vehicle and its environment to predict future behavior and make optimal control decisions. The paper first provides an overview of MPC and its applications in the control of autonomous vehicles and then discusses the benefits of MPC, including improved vehicle handling, increased fuel efficiency and enhanced safety. It also examines some of the challenges associated with implementing MPC in autonomous vehicles, such as computational complexity and model uncertainty. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion on future research directions, including the need for more accurate models and improved computational algorithms to make MPC more practical for real-world applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weather predictions have conventionally been performed using complex models with satellite data and readings from weather stations. In recent times, modern technology has replaced these conventional techniques. However, obtaining accurate and precise weather predictions continues to remain extremely challenging. The paper proposes an architecture to enable weather forecasting using a combination of two modern technologies - Machine Learning (ML) and Internet of Things (IoT). By making use of the concept of crowd sensing and Collaborative Internet of Things (C-IoT), the paper proposes how a large amount of useful information can be collected and then processed using ML algorithms to arrive at meaningful results that aid in weather prediction. This can in turn help the IoT devices become more efficient in terms of energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes different techniques to design and implement a 32-bit Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) such as implementation of 32-bit ALU for Digital Signal Processor (DSP) processor core, multifunctional processor, cryptographic processor and Wi-Fi enabled 32-bit ALU, reversible gate, Feedback Switch Logic (FSL) and clock gating. The number of operations increases in ALU, due to which the complexity of operation increases and causes an increase in power consumption also. To reduce the power consumption in ALU, the paper designs the ALU with clock gating. All these designs are implemented on FPGA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Factory accidents have far-reaching consequences, impacting not only the workers but also the reputation and financial stability of organizations, making management of safety risks crucial. When work-related hazards are effectively managed, the probability of accidents within that plant can be reduced to zero, which is the embedded philosophy of every organization's safety policy. Plant inspections include non-destructive methodologies like thermography and ultrasonic thickness inspections of stacks, tanks and piping as part of process safety management and energy efficiency assurance. Leveraging drone technology for inspecting plant areas that involve heights offers significant advantages. By eliminating the need for workers to physically engage in work at height activities without compromising on plantrelated data, organizations can ensure impeccable safety metrics, and reinforce a positive safety culture. This paper presents three practical case studies implemented in different process industries and provides a solid basis for feasibility proposals and studies. Safety risks were eliminated 100% with collateral benefits in the form of significant savings in time (up to 97%), improvement in quality of inspection (-80%) and substantial (up to -90%) overall costs savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ad hoc networks are used where wired network and mobile access is either unproductive or not feasible. They are infrastructure-less networks formed with limited life of existence. As adhoc networks change their topology frequently, routing in such networks is a challenging task. Moreover, bandwidth, energy and physical security are limited in these kinds of networks. In this paper, the reactive protocol--Ad hoc On Demand Vector (AODV), proactive protocol --Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and hybrid routing protocol--Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) are evaluated for energy consumption for TCP and CBR traffic pattern. NS-2 simulator is used for performing all the simulation works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes reduction in the consumption of active electrical energy (kWh) by 67%, while maintaining the same mechanical work speed (RPM) at variable torque loads of water and similar fluids using the "Fan Affinity Law" in an innovative way in PMSM-type synchronous motors. The work is carried out comparatively between brushless asynchronous motors with starting loop (motor with a short-circuited loop) versus brushed asynchronous motors and PMSM-type synchronous motors without the need to use Variable Frequency Drives (VFD), simplifying the technology (electronics) and saving costs in an innovative way (R+D+i). The case study was developed on a design applied to a centrifugal air extractor/blower with PMSM/IPM type synchronous motor. The study focused on a specific bibliographical review of ecodesign and energy efficiency in refrigeration and ventilation systems, taking into account a couple of personal works and other general ones by various authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an analytical comparison of different types of multipliers like booth, array and wallace tree multipliers based on different performance metrics such as power, area and speed by reducing the partial products. Partial products are mainly responsible for complexity and area, so the paper focuses on reducing the partial product stage. It is found that wallace tree multiplier is best among all the above multipliers. As the multiplier size increases, the complexity also increases in wallace tree, so booth multiplier is best for large size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes an optimized and energy-efficient Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) based on dynamic forwarding probability, in which the Route Request (RREQ) packets are randomly controlled to increase the network lifetime and reduce packet loss in the flooding algorithm. The results are assessed using various network performance factors after implementing and integrating them into Network Simulator (NS2). According to the simulation findings, the proposed technique effectively reduced RREQ propagation messages. It is more efficient, has a longer network lifetime, and uniformly utilizes nodal residual energy, enhancing network throughput and minimizing routing overhead when compared to regular and modified AODV protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power system operation has become more complex with larger use of renewable energy sources, strict requirements of environmental controls, and need to maintain adequate security and stability norms. To meet the environmental norms now, Flue-Gas Desulphurization (FGD) plants have to be installed in old thermal power plants. With larger share of wind and solar energy resources, flexible operation of conventional thermal and hydro power plants is needed. The paper reviews various recent issues pertaining to power system operation in India and the challenges posed to ensure efficient grid operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the asymmetric effect of energy consumption and economic growth on carbon emissions in Ghana for the period 1970-2019. The empirical analysis employs the Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) approach to decompose energy consumption and economic growth into positive and negative partial sum so as to explore possible asymmetric effects of the variables on carbon emissions. The results show evidence of cointegration among the variables and the presence of asymmetry for energy consumption in the short and long run, and only long-run asymmetry exists for economic growth. Again, the findings suggest that in Ghana, positive shocks in energy consumption have significant increasing effect on carbon emissions in the long run and negative shocks in energy consumption exert decreasing effects on carbon emissions. However, the impact of positive shocks is much greater than the impact of negative shocks. The results also reveal that in the long run, positive shocks in economic growth have significant decreasing effect on carbon emissions and vice versa. It is recommended that the government of Ghana develop policies aimed at encouraging the use of renewable energy and energyefficient technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crosstalk is one of the major problems in VLSI circuits of high-speed buses. To eliminate this problem, several types of coding techniques have been proposed in the literature. The paper aims at avoiding the opposite transition on any two adjacent wires. Sequential bit-stuffing algorithm and parallel bit-stuffing algorithm are studied. The problem in parallel bit-stuffing algorithm is that the code rates for even-numbered wires are significantly lower than those of odd-numbered wires. To solve the uneven rate problem, the paper considers parallel bitstuffing algorithm with rate balancing, where padding of additional bits on odd-numbered wire with the help of 2 × 2 crossbar switch with bar state and cross state is done. By doing so, even-numbered code rate becomes equal to odd-numbered code rate, then code rates become balanced. Parallel bit-stuffing algorithm with rate balancing not only achieves higher coding rate but also lowers power consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy transition can be defined as all the transformations of the system of production, distribution and consumption of energy carried out in a territory in order to make it more ecological. Inseparable from sustainable development, energy transition contributes to the fight against global warming, through the implementation of changes based on innovative technologies, but also and above all on new political orientations. These changes are mainly aimed at replacing fossil or nuclear energy sources with other sources of energy that are considered clean, reducing overall energy consumption through changes in practices and uses, and improving the environment in which people live. Among the stated objectives, all are of interest to the general public, but some will have a significant impact on companies in terms of logistics. The paper focuses in particular on city logistics in Europe, showing that local authorities now rely on coercive power to develop powerful sustainable strategies, including the implementation of Low Emission Zones (LEZs). The interventionism of the public sphere is an essential element of the energy transition that must be analyzed and taken into consideration to help decision-makers improve their operations management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), the life span depends on the energy consumption of the sensor node by reducing the energy consumption of each node, which in turn increases the lifetime of the network. Clustering with data aggregation is an effective technique to reduce the energy consumption. Besides prolonging the network lifetime, fulfilling security requirements is vital as wireless sensor nodes are generally applied in crucial application where security plays an important role. Sensor nodes are prone to node compromise and different attacks, so security issues are extremely important while communicating over the internet. The paper deals with the implementation of Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and LEACH-CC protocol individually and with cryptographic algorithms Rivest Shamir Adleman (RSA), ElGamal and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) in MATLAB. We also developed a program for encrypting and decrypting text files. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimation of execution time for any module in software or in hardware guides the designer of its efficiency. The paper presents the profiling techniques present in QuestaSim hardware simulator for Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and System on Chips (SOCs). Different statistical and memory profiling techniques present in QuestaSim have been explained. An 8-bit Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) processor has been designed for identifying the usefulness of the simulator. Various profiling reports have been generated and analyzed for the designed processor. The processor has been further extended by writing a module which counts the number of cycles taken by a unit. This module returns the count the number of times a function has been called. This module also gives the information such as how many different functions have been called, total number of different instructions, how many times each and function has been called. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy consumption issues are the fastest growing research area in wireless communication network. Cooperative relay communication technique is a solution for minimizing the energy of overall wireless communication network. A number of techniques have been proposed to minimize the energy consumption of the network. This paper gives an overview of the different cooperative relay communication networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A typical smart phone has many high speed digital blocks running at a frequency range as high as 200-800 MHz and consumes a lot of power to produce a high clock frequency if a separate crystal mechanism is not used. In order to cater to high speed clock requirement for multimedia blocks inside a handset with a reduced power overhead, this paper proposes a novel self-sustained, self-start and low voltage Ring Oscillator (RO) as a frequency generation block. A unique combination of Direct Current (DC)-DC converter and a RO is proposed to fulfill the needs of high speed, power hungry multimedia digital/analog blocks of the mobile processors both in terms of clock frequency and power transfer . The paper reports a significant reduction in power consumption for a typical RO as well as for the overall combination proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel and emulsified fuel (hybrid biofuel) are the two biomass-based fuels which have the potentiality to replace diesel in the not-so-distant future. These are renewable, nontoxic and portable fuels. Unlike biodiesel, which has been studied extensively for quite some time, not much attention has been given to the utilization of emulsified fuels and their behavior on diesel engines. In this paper, the performance of the engine has been assessed for emulsified fuel and biodiesel derived from yellow oleander seed oil in a single cylinder diesel engine, and the performance is compared with that of the diesel fuel. It is observed that Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) for the biofuels is higher than that of the diesel. But there is no distinction between the fuels for power and torque. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims at depicting the effects of varying loads at various Compression Ratios (CRs) using various thumba oil-diesel blends on a Variable Compression Ratio (VCR) engine. The effect of thumba methyl esters in different proportions with diesel on engine characteristics was investigated. A series of short-term tests were conducted on a single cylinder, 3.6 kW, water-cooled, stationary, VCR, diesel engine. Optimal CR and blend ratio were determined for maximum efficiency and minimum emissions. Characterization of fuel properties for all the test blends was conducted. The performance and emission characteristics of the diesel engine for thumba oil blends at both rated and optimal CR were compared with those of pure diesel. B20 blend was inferred as optimal blend as it provided optimal results in terms of Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) and Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and also provided substantial decrement in emissions though nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission increased marginally. This blend, when tested with various CRs, provided CR 18 as the optimal result. Hence, it was established that the use of thumba oil-diesel B20 blend at CR 18 will provide optimal environmental benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new circuit for 1-bit CMOS full adder cell. The proposed adder cell is designed using mixed CMOS static logic style. It provides good Power Delay Product (PDP), less power dissipation and less delay. The performance parameters like number of transistors used, power dissipated, delay and PDP, i.e., energy consumed per element of existing adder cells, are compared with the proposed adder cell. The simulation is carried out using Cadence tool virtuoso spectre simulation and using 45 nm CMOS process technology. The results showed that the proposed cell has better performance parameters and operates at ultra low power supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents new Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) designs using three transistors--XOR, XNOR and CMOS inverter. The output frequency was controlled with varying control voltage from 1.8 V to 3.3 V. Three-stage VCO provides the frequency in the range of 4.905 GHz to 6.958 GHz, whereas the power consumption varied in the range of 0.668 mW to 4.462 mW. Five-stage VCO depicts frequency in the range of 2.595 GHz to 3.782 GHz with power consumption variation from 0.987 mW to 6.711 mW. Moreover, a seven-stage VCO achieves the frequency range from 1.791 GHz to 2.648 GHz with power consumption variation from 1.306 mW to 8.96 mW. The phase noise results obtained with 1 MHz offset for three, five and seven-stage VCOs were -86.34 dBc/Hz, -90.849 dBc/Hz and -92.375 dBc/Hz, respectively. The power consumption, output frequency and phase noise results are compared with previously reported circuits, with the proposed circuit designing approach showing considerable improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes a coding scheme for avoiding crosstalk and reducing power consumption. System-on-Chip (SoC) buses are associated with delay, power and reliability problems. Capacitive crosstalk and high power consumption due to various capacitances are the major causes of this problem. Verilog simulation of encoder and decoder modules are designed to avoid these problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancement in information and communication systems leads to next generation wireless networks that should support higher capacity and data rate, low end-to-end latency, low infrastructure cost and high energy efficiency. To support next generation requirements, 5G will be the most prominent network based on massive MIMO (mMIMO). mMIMO has multiple number of antennas that help to fulfill the requirements of 5G, but there are some issues like pilot contamination, hardware impairments, inter-antenna correlation due to space constraints and non-orthogonal waveform design that needs to be rectified for utilizing advantages of mMIMO sufficiently. The paper reviews the various limitations and relevant techniques to solve these shortcomings of 5G wireless network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes mobile agent-based data gathering from Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) to monitor any application and when an event is sensed, it notifies the user via message and call. The WSN is divided into three clusters, each cluster having a master section head. The mobile agent created in the sink travels through the clusters, computes the data where the event occurs, and transfers the result to the sink. The sink sends an alert when the event occurs via GSM to the mobile device. The main constraints of the WSNs are the energy consumption and the lifetime of the network. The mobile agent-based approach aids in conserving the energy of the network, thereby maximizing the lifetime of the nodes. In WSN, the data transmission from the entire cluster to the sink consumes energy. In this work, the mobile agent computes and transfers the result replacing the traditional approach, thereby preserving the energy. Also, the agent transfers only the data for which the event has occurred and not all the data, which reduces the network traffic and saves node energy. Thus, the mobile agent-based routing outperforms the traditional client/server architecture in terms of execution and energy consumption. This flexible framework can be adapted to various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the design and analysis of CMOS Voltage Controlled Ring Oscillator (VCRO) based on the delay cells proposed by Changzhi and Jenshan (2010). The two-stage CMOS VCRO exhibits very low power consumption and wide tuning range when realized using GPDK 45 nm CMOS process. The design parameters of the transistors in the delay cell are chosen at a minimum scale in this technology so as to achieve the lowest power consumption. The oscillator has a very low power consumption of 2.97 μW with a supply voltage of 1 V. This also exhibits a wide tuning range from 6.4 GHz to 16.4 GHz. Because of its wide tuning range, it can be used for electronic warfare applications. The phase noise of this ring oscillator is found to be -78 dBC/Hz @10 MHz offset which can be improved by increasing the size of the transistors and adding more number of stages. The layout of the VCRO is created using the Cadence virtuoso layout XL tool, which shows that the chip area is 2.82 x 3. 67 μm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), the life span depends on the energy consumption of the sensor node; reducing the energy consumption of each node in turn increases the lifetime of the network. Clustering is an effective technique to reduce the energy consumption. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is the first hierarchical cluster-based routing protocol successfully used in the WSN. In this paper, a recent survey of hierarchical routing protocols which are based on LEACH protocol is presented. Specifically, the network lifetime and energy consumption for each protocol is shown and a comparison of these protocols in terms of advantages, disadvantages, communication pattern and energy efficiency is made to identify the research issues to be solved, and an idea for the future proposed routing algorithms of wireless networks based on LEACH routing algorithm is presented. Further, simulation of the LEACH and improved LEACH-CC protocol is done using MATLAB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for computational power combined with the shift to cloud computing model has led to the establishment of large-scale data centers around the globe. With the increasing number of cloud deployments, the size of data centers is also increasing, thus increasing the amount of heat generated by these data centers. Consequently, cooling of the data centers becomes vital from the business and environmental perspective. Cloud computing service providers are using a number of innovative cooling strategies to beat this heat. In this paper, a systematic review has been presented for the traditional and new techniques for data center cooling. This will be of great help in the design of energy-efficient data centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key challenge today, both globally and in India, is to focus on inclusive growth by ensuring economic growth, while at the same time meeting social obligations as well as protecting our environment and ecosystem. Industries are majorly responsible for such adverse climate change as they largely depend upon fossil fuel for energy consumption. Companies are at risk from climate change, whether from emerging carbon legislation, changing weather patterns or rising fuel costs. To make the companies abide by the social, environment and government norms, the Security Exchange Board of India (SEBI) introduced a new clause, according to which it is mandatory for the top 100 listed companies at BSE and NSE (as per market capitalization) to prepare a Business Responsibility Report (BRR) as a part of their annual report in the format as defined by SEBI. This paper analyzes the BRR of top 100 listed companies at NSE (as on July 17, 2013) to see how companies are combating the climate change. The main objective is to identify what carbon management framework was adopted by different sectors of Indian corporate sector to mitigate carbon emission and what strategies companies are following to mitigate carbon emission risk. It was found through Chi-square test that almost all companies have implemented the same carbon management framework. It was also seen that different strategies were adopted by different sectors of Indian corporate sector to mitigate carbon emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As organizations strive to address environmental challenges and achieve sustainability goals, the adoption of Green Information Systems (GIS) emerges as a promising solution. This study explores the utilization of GIS to promote sustainable business processes and mitigate the environmental impact of traditional information systems. With a focus on energy efficiency and resource utilization, the study highlights the need for organizations to transition towards GIS for a more environmentally conscious approach. A comprehensive literature review identifies the key constructs pivotal for GIS adoption. Additionally, the study incorporates case studies to examine real-world examples of GIS implementation and its impact on organizations. These case studies provide valuable insights into the strategies, challenges, and outcomes associated with GIS adoption. The literature also emphasizes the role of government policies in incentivizing and supporting the implementation of GIS in organizations. The study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing insights and recommendations for organizations and policymakers seeking to integrate GIS into their IT operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the improved designs for the dual loop differential ring Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO). Circuits are designed in TSMC 0.18 µm CMOS process with a supply voltage of 1.8 V. The designed ring VCO exhibits a frequency range of 3.23 GHz to 4.33 GHz. The phase noise for output frequency of 3.23 GHz is -85.7 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset. The power consumption for the maximum oscillation frequency is 1.8150 mW. The proposed design has been further improved using the reverse body bias technique. The proposed circuits show improved performances as compared to the earlier circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous monitoring of production of yarn is an important process requirement for good productivity in a ring frame machine in textile industry. So, collecting the data on yarn breakages using an appropriate Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has been taken as a research problem in this work. The paper describes a method in which a mobile agent communicates wirelessly with the sensor network to collect the yarn breakage data which would serve the mobile end-user. With a view to reducing the energy consumption of the sensors and the end-to-end delay, a new approach, viz., Mobile Agent-Based Event-Driven Wireless Sensor Network (MAEDWSN), has been proposed. In this scheme, a new residual energy-based cluster creation algorithm for dynamic selection of cluster head has been proposed to save the energy constrained sensor nodes. An attempt has been made using mobile agent middleware called Java Agent DEvelopment framework (JADE) which facilitates the agent development. The collected yarn breakage data by the mobile agent has also been made available to the end-user with the help of 'Android' a virtual mobile device. The simulated results have been compared with the well-known client-server approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New Digitally Controlled Oscillator (DCO) structures based on delay cells with novel three-transistor NAND gate are presented in this paper. Two design approaches for new delay cell are presented. Three, five and seven-stage DCO is implemented with the first approach. Further, a four-bit controlled DCO is implemented with the second approach. The output frequencies are controlled digitally with digital bits of different lengths applied to delay cells. Three-bit control DCO shows the output frequency variation in the range of 3.7471-3.9806 GHz and power consumption varies 0.5411-1.2336 mW with control word 111-000. Five-bit controlled DCO shows the frequency and power variation of 2.1727-2.3097 GHz and 0.9019- 2.0560 mW respectively, with varying control word 11111-00000. Moreover, seven-bit controlled DCO shows the frequency and power consumption variation of 1.5615-1.6622 GHz and 1.2721-2.7767 mW respectively, with varying control word 1111111-0000000. Further, a four-bit controlled DCO with delay cell using the second approach shows the frequency and power variation of 1.6799-2.0172 GHz and 1.2276-3.9973 mW respectively, with control word 1111-0000. The first approach gives better results in terms of power dissipated, whereas the second gives wider range of output frequency. Further, the power consumption and output frequency of proposed circuits are compared with earlier reported circuits, and the present approach shows significant improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the nexus between growth and primary energy consumption in Portugal, using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds test approach with annual time series data from 1965 to 2008. Portugal is a medium-sized economy which has experienced several episodes of economic expansion and stagnation that make it of particular interest. Portugal is constrained by external energy dependency and is faced with the policies of energy preservation due to international commitments and initiatives, such as the Kyoto Protocol and Directives of European Union, that potentially may have deep implications for its economic growth. Empirical results suggest that energy causes growth in the long run and short run, but growth only causes energy consumption in the short run. Therefore, an energy policy to promote consumption constraints on energy will reduce GDP growth in Portugal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The link between economic growth and energy consumption is very crucial in the implementation of energy and environmental policies in the economy. The linkage is also equally important with regard to the real threat of global warming and climatic change. Empirical investigation on the direction of causality between energy consumption and economic growth is very vital. This issue is whether increase in economic growth causes increase in energy consumption or whether increase in energy consumption actually propels the increased economic growth. This paper explores the nexus between energy consumption (oil and electricity) and economic growth in India over the period 1970- 2006. Using Cointegration and Error Correction Model, it finds a unidirectional short-run and long-run causality from economic growth to per capita oil consumption and electricity consumption. This paper suggests that suitable energy policy should be designed to boost economic growth and to maintain sustainable economic development in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The important data path operators of Digital Signal Processing (DSP) unit are adders and multipliers. Power reduction in data path circuit is a challenging issue for the DSP processor in low power applications. This paper presents power reduction in data operators by voltage scaling with technology scaling. Dynamic power is minimized by voltage scaling, which is one of the techniques in Complementary Metal--Oxide--Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. If supply voltage is reduced, the threshold voltage is also reduced and the speed of the circuit is also decreased. However, threshold voltage scalability is limited due to their process variations caused by inevitable process and operating temperature fluctuations. Technological solutions are modifications in the fabrication process that recommend simultaneous scaling of device threshold voltages and operating voltages to alleviate the speed penalty of voltage scaling. In this work, Silicon On Insulator (SOI)-CMOS device technology is explained and is used in the implementation of adders and multipliers. Power consumption is reduced significantly without affecting the speed of the data path operators in CMOS-SOI technology with voltage scaling when compared with bulk CMOS technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digitally Controlled Oscillator (DCO) designs using three transistors XNOR gates as variable capacitance load are presented in this study. Two different design approaches for five- and seven-stage DCOs were reported. Output frequencies were controlled digitally with digital bits applied to delay cells. Five-bit controlled DCO using delay cell-I showed frequency and power variation of 1.5335-2.0526 GHz and 2.5906-2.4271 mW, respectively, by varying control word 00000-11111. Moreover, seven-bit controlled DCO showed frequency and power consumption variation of 1.0890-1.4764 GHz and 3.6268-3.3979 mW, respectively, with varying control word 0000000-1111111. Further, five-bit controlled DCO with delay cell-II showed frequency and power variation of 0.77891-1.3840 GHz and 6.5225-6.0320 mW, respectively, with control word variations 00000-11111. Seven-bit DCO showed frequency of 0.58322-1.0431GHz and power consumption of 9.006-8.3199 mW with control word variation 0000000-1111111. Power consumption, output frequency and Figure of Merit (FoM) of proposed circuits were compared with earlier reported circuits and the present approaches showed significant improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]