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Background and Aim: Otitis media (OM) or middle ear inflammation is an inflammatory disease caused by a bacterial infection such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), provided with genetic virulence factors. This study aims to detect nan1 and tox A genes of P. aeruginosa isolated from chronic OM patients. Materials and Methods: One hundred thirty OM patients were recruited from Al-Sader medical city and Al-Hakim general hospital in Najaf province from September to January 2021 to collect ear swaps. The Primary identification depends on Gram stain and biochemical tests. We also used Vitek 2 system to make another identification and examine resistance to antibiotics. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the required genes. Furthermore, gel electrophoresis was performed to show the amplified genes. Results: The results have revealed that 115 samples (88.46%) give a positive result, while 15 samples (11.54%) are negative for culture bacteria. Only 49 (42.76 %) of the 115 clinical specimens showed positive tests for P. aeruginosa. However, the toxA gene is found in 67.3% of P. aeruginosa isolates, while the nan1 gene is found in 38.77 % of the isolates. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that P. aeruginosa is one of the most common causes of OM infection in Iraqi patients. Most bacterial isolates show the presence of nan1 and tox A genes, with a high prevalence of tox A than nan1. The presence of these genes is one of the virulence factors and probably partly explains the resistance to antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Brucellosis is an infectious zoonotic disease responsible for reproductive disorders among animals and significant economic losses to the meat and milk supplychain. The purpose of this study was therefore to evaluate and diagnose the species and strains of Brucella isolates among cattles via multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Materials and Methods: In this study, blood samples were taken from 22 cows diagnosed as having brucellosis by PCR test. Blood samples were cultured in BACTEC vials and incubated at 37 degrees Celsius for 5 days following which each sample was cultured on Brucella agar and kept for 3 days under Co2 condition.The 16SrRNA gene was used as the target for the detection of Brucella genus and the bcsp31 gene was used for the detection of Brucella biovars. The PCR products were electrophoresed on %1 agarose and compared with standard strains. Results: The PCR results showed a total of 22 positive samples for Brucella among cattles. Out of the 22 cattle positive samples, 19 were identified as B.abortus (biovars 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) and 3 as B. melitensis (biovars 1, 2, 3). Conclusions: Brucella abortus biovars 1 and 3 and B .melitensis biovar 1 are the most prevalent biovars among cattles in Lorestan province, Iran. Moreover, multiplex PCR method could be used to improve the qualitative level and the Brucella diagnosis speed in laboratories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]