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Introduction: Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI), remains the commonest hospital-acquired infection (HAI). This emphasizes the need to implement and monitor effective infection control programs to reduce the risk of CAUTI. Objectives: Aim of the present study was to determine the etiology with antibiotic susceptibility and also to calculate CAUTI rate. Materials and Methods: The Patients admitted in intensive care unit (ICU), Rajarajeshwari Medical College and Hospital who were on urinary catheter insertion for >48 hours from 1 August, 2019 to 30 September, 2019 were included in the study. Under aseptic conditions urine samples were collected from clinically suspected cases of CAUTI, the samples were processed in the department of Microbiology, as per standard protocols. Uropathogens were isolated, identified and subjected to antibiotic sensitivity test. CAUTI rate was calculated and results were noted. Results: Among 460 patients on catheter in ICU, 28(6%) patients developed clinical signs or symptoms of UTI. Of 28 urine samples cultured, 4(14%) yielded growth of single organis [Escherichia coli (3), Klebsiella (1)] and 24(86%) showed no evidence of growth. 2300 catheter days were obtained of 460 patients on indwelling catheter in ICU. Thus CAUTI rate was 1.74 per 1000 catheter days over a 2 month period. Discussion and Conclusion: CAUTI remained a great burden to patient safety and a challenge to the infection control team. Implementation of proper care bundles and continuous education to health care workers plays a key role in reducing the CAUTI rates, thereby decreasing the morbidity and hospital stay to the patients. Keywords: CAUTI, Devise associated, Hospital acquired, UTI, CAUTI rate.

Background: HIV/AIDS poses a significant and one of the most genuine general well-being challenges. For HIV anticipation in the Indian scenario, the main plausible and financially savvy approach that can be adapted is proper training about HIV/AIDS and its various aspects. The present study was embraced to survey the degree of information and awareness about HIV/AIDS among clients attending ICTC facility in our hospital. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 clients, of age >18yrs, attending the ICTC for HIV testing were studied over a period of 3 months. A questionnaire was prepared in regards to the methods of transmission, preventive techniques, mentality towards patient living with HIV/ AIDS and the source of HIV/ AIDS. The response of clients to the questionnaire was recorded. Results: Among 200 participants, 97% were aware that unprotected sex is a mode of HIV transmission and 64% were aware that infected blood transfusion, use of unsterile needles and syringes contribute to other modes of HIV transmission. It was also noted that uneducated clients had a false perception that HIV can be transmitted by drinking water from same glass and by mosquito bite and this was statistically significant compared to educated individuals. The main source of acquiring positive information among the clients regarding HIV was observed to be television (32.5%). Conclusion: Stigma among the general public was mostly due to fear of contracting the illness. There is a requirement for more noteworthy endeavours toward making data with respect to HIV/AIDS accessible to all. The level of awareness regarding HIV/AIDS needs to be elevated among the public. Keywords : HIV, AIDS, Awareness, Education.

Introduction: Infections due to Gram-positive bacteria are on a rise, of which those due to Enterococcus spp. form a major part. The shifting pattern of infections caused by Enterococci from novel urinary tract infections to soft tissue and wound infections are increasingly reported. Objective: The aim of the present study is to isolate, speciate Enterococci, determine the antibiotic resistance pattern and to detect vancomycin resistance by E- test. Materials and Methods: All wound swabs, pus samples sent for bacterial culture, irrespective of the diagnosis of the patients which were received to the department of microbiology for a period of one year were included in the study. The samples were processed for isolation, identification and speciation of Enterococci. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Vancomycin resistance was determined by E-test. Results: A total of 3000 pus samples were received over a period of one year. Out of which 43 isolates were detected as Enterococcus species. Among 43 isolates, 26 were E.faecalis, 17 were E.faecium. In present study, ampicillin resistance was seen in 88% followed by resistance to erythromycin (86%) and clindamycin (72%). High level gentamycin resistance was seen in 28% cases. Vancomycin resistance was not detected in any of the samples. Conclusion: The shifting spectrum of infections due to Enterococcus is gaining inquisitiveness among health care workers especially in the trauma care units. Thus there is a prerequisite to isolate speciate and determine the resistance that helps in holistic health care. Keywords: Enterococci, Soft tissue infection, Antibiotic resistance, Vancomycin resistance, E test.

Introduction: Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in the web spaces and anterior nares among the health care workers is a substantial source of human infections. Screening, detection and treatment of such carriers is an important modality in prevention of infections. Colonized health workers especially in teaching hospitals may subsequently develop clinical infections and act as reservoirs for infection among vulnerable individuals. Objectives: Screening of the nursing staff from various departments including critical and non critical areas, identification and speciation of staphylococcus and determining its resistance to cefoxitin and Mupirocin. Materials and Methods: The study was done in the department of Microbiology, Rajarajeswari medical college and hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka. Two swabs were collected from each health care personnel, one swab from anterior nares and other from the web spaces. Swabs were streaked on to blood agar and MacConkey agar plate and incubated at 37?C for 48hours. Identification done by standard protocols. Susceptibility to cefoxitin and mupirocin was done by Kirby- baeur disc diffusion method. MIC of mupirocin was done E-test method. Results: A total of 200 nursing staff was screened during the study period. Majority of the cultures yielded Coagulase negative staphylococcus followed by no growth from the anterior nares. From the web spaces majority yielded no growth. Out of 78 CONS that were isolated 72 were sensitive to cefoxitin and 8 were resistant. Out of 24 isolated Staphylococcus aureus isolates 20 isolates were sensitive and 4 were resistant to cefoxitin. The MIC values of the four methicillin resistant Staphylococc us aureus were 0.38, 0.25, 0.25, 0.19 which were reported as sensitive strains. Keywords: MRSA, Staphylococcus aureus, Mupirocin, Nasal carriers, Webspaces, Screening nursing staff.

Introduction: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a serious health care-associated infection. It prolongs hospital stay and drives up hospital costs reporting high morbidity and mortality. VAP is defined as pneumonia that occurs 48h or more after endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy, caused by infectious agents not present or incubating at the time mechanical ventilation.VAP requires rapid diagnosis and initiation of the appropriate antibiotics. Materials and Methods: The present study was done in the department of Microbiology, Rajarajeswari Medical college, Bangalore. All the clinically suspected cases of VAP from intensive care units over a period of one year were included in the study. Endotracheal aspirate (ETA) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were collected from all patients and processed . Identification was carried out according to standard biochemical tests. Sensitivity pattern was determined using Kirby-bauer disc diffusion according to CLSI guidelines. Results: Out of 160 patients, who were on mechanical ventilation, 7 patients fulfilled the clinical and microbiological criteria. Incidence of VAP in our study is 4.4 and incidence density is 10.5 for 1000 ventilator days.57% of bacterial isolates were found to be Acinetobacter spp. followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 29% and Klebsiella pneumoniae 14%. Among 7 cases, 3(43%) were Early onset, 4(57%) were late onset VAP. Discussion and Conclusion: Even in the era of advanced medical care VAP remains a major challenge. The risk of developing VAP can be reduced by VAP prevention care bundles. Timely diagnosis is a major step to initiate appropriate antibiotics for better outcomes. Both patients and units are at risk of developing multidrug–resistant organisms and therefore appropriate antibiotic stewardship is essential. Better knowledge of local patterns of pathogens causing VAP can help facilitate treatment choice, in turn reducing the ventilator days and hospital stay.