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The problems that arise in the surface layer of the soil during periodic emissions at nuclear power plants are considered. The necessity of constant monitoring of this soil layer at different times of the year is substantiated. Various methods of this control are considered. It has been established that it is extremely difficult to implement them in remote areas. A method has been developed for monitoring the surface layer of the soil using aerodynamic survey of the distribution of γ-radiation on the soil surface. This is extremely important during the preparation of agricultural fields for sowing crops in the spring. A new algorithm for restoring images obtained using aerodynamic imaging of γ-radiation is proposed. The results of a new algorithm for image processing and identification are presented.

The problems of river pollution with various hazardous elements on the example of the Volkovka river are considered. A study of water from various regions of the Volkovka river was carried out for the presence of various chemical compounds and elements in them. A relationship has been established between the location of the river bed in the city and the level of pollution by various compounds. The comparison of the measurement results with the previously obtained data is carried out and the tendency of changes in pollution is established.

The necessity of controlling emissions of carbon – 14 (14C) isotope into the atmosphere during the operation of a nuclear power plant is substantiated. It is determined that the main negative effect of the carbon isotope 14C has on humans and animals. Plants are less susceptible to this influence. A method for measuring the emission into the atmosphere of 14C is proposed. The analysis of various studies on the amount of 14C emissions at various nuclear power plants was carried out. The calculation of the amount of carbon isotope 14C is performed. The annual radiation dose of the population from the release of 14C was estimated. Various options for reducing the amount of 14C in emissions at nuclear power plants are considered.

The most important element of health management at all levels is currently information support. The article presents the results of developing an algorithm for information support of the internal quality control system in the medical information system. As a result of a survey of experts, quality assessment criteria were identified: medical documentation, patient survey data, information from books of reviews and suggestions, oral and written appeals to the administration. The calculation of the quality factor for maintaining a patient‘s medical record in the medical information system (MIS) should be performed automatically. The results of the ongoing internal control of MIS automated generation of reporting forms in time and in levels, containing the following information: the reporting period; volume of performed internal control: the number of verified cases; the volume percentage of the specified minimum volumes; the results of the internal control, General and in the context of the number of branches of the revealed defects of medical aid by kinds, a summary of the actions taken responsible for conducting monitoring; proposals on the result of internal control for the head of the institution.

The rural areas of Russia are characterized by a great variety of natural conditions, depending on their geographical location. This determines the historical economic use of these areas and hence the formation of certain types of agro-ecosystems. The rapid growth of cities in some regions of Russia has led to a marked disruption of life-supporting processes in the surrounding natural ecosystems, as well as in rural areas adjacent to cities and their agglomerations. From this point of view, it is important to find models for ecologically balanced rural development. Compared to “organic agriculture”, it is a broader concept that may be closer to “sustainable” agriculture.

The article substantiates the need to control the underwater water area and bottom sediments in marine water areas, lakes and rivers. Especially in cases where hazardous facilities are located next to them (nuclear power plants, production using radioactive components, storage facilities, etc.). For various reasons, small radioactive releases occur from these facilities. The radioactive substances fall into the water and are deposited in bottom sediments. Gradually, the expositional irradiation dose in the bottom sediment increases. Sea, lake or river inhabitants begin to get sick. It is extremely difficult to establish a high level of radiation in the bottom sediment by measuring the exposure dose over the water surface. The bottom sediments may be washed ashore during water movement or various cyclones. Further, then are dispersed by wind. This can lead to radioactive damage to people, animals and territory. The methodology for the radioactive state research of the water areas deep parts and bottom sediments using an autonomous deep-sea apparatus is presented. The apparatus is equipped with sensors for measuring the expositional irradiation dose, a video camera for monitoring the bottom, a depth sensor and an echo probe to determine its coordinates under water. The using an autonomous apparatus allows to determine the presence of radioactive contamination in bottom sediments and determine the configuration of their location. This allows to plan and effectively carry out work on the cleaning of rivers, lakes and coastal zones of the seas from radioactive bottom sediments.

In article the appearance reasons of metal different forms elements in assembled crop of cereals or herbal flour are considered. It’s noted that these elements are almost not extracted from agricultural products by screening, sorting by weight, etc. The different methods (magnetic, nuclear-magnetic, X-ray, etc.) for presence determined of metal particles in this product with elative concentrations determined. A method is proposed which on basis of electromagnetic separation of these products allows us to establish of agricultural land pollution state of different foreign elements.

The necessity of studying the Moon as an important source of nuclear fuel for nuclear power plants is considered. The work takes into account the geomorphological conditions of the celestial body and the basic biological needs of man. Of particular interest is the problem of fruit and vegetable production on the lunar base. This is necessary to provide the inhabitants of the lunar base with vitamins. In addition, plants convert carbon dioxide into oxygen and create an additional comfortable psychological environment. Experiments carried out in space have confirmed the possibility of growing fruit on the International Space Station (the harvest was more than 15 kg of tomatoes and 6 kg of red pepper). Taking into account the experimental results on growing vegetables on the International Space Station, a simulation of the structure of the lunar base was carried out. The strength and resistance of the structure to various influences have been calculated. Areas for planting agricultural crops have been determined, a possible harvest has been determined and the improvement of conditions for human habitation at the lunar base has been substantiated.

One of the negative factors that affects human health is dust. Particularly high dust exposure in megacities. There are no unambiguous approaches to solving this problem. A lot depends on the geographical location of the metropolis. Therefore, for each city, it is necessary to conduct personal research on the situation with the formation of dust from various objects in the climatic conditions of the city. In addition, the composition of urban dust is complex, which depends on many factors. In the study, it is necessary to determine the main sources of dust and the possibility of reducing their activity. It is also necessary to establish the nature of the medium (e.g. dispersion system, etc.) in which dust is present. An important point is the chemical composition of the dust. It is especially important to know about the presence of dangerous chemical elements or radioactive particles in it. The paper shows that wind flows on the one hand contribute to reducing the level of dust, on the other hand, when it is polluted, they sharply worsen the environmental situation. In modern cities, a decrease in green spaces, especially trees, is planned. This fact also needs to be considered as one of the options for reducing dust load. Special attention should be paid to the methods of rapid monitoring of the air environment in real time. Their use will help in time to take the necessary measures to block dust sources.

The article substantiates the need to search for new solutions to increase crop yield through the use of new fertilizers. One of the options was proposed in this article. During the operation of nuclear power plants, by products are formed in the form of inert gases, for example, an isotope nitrogen-16, or helium-3 and helium-4, or xenon-133 and xenon-135. They are quite difficult to filter out of the air. If they are filtered into the atmosphere, other gas formations will pass. Therefore, the design of a cryogenic unit was developed for their deposition on the walls of the pipeline (transfer to a liquid state). In this case, they are separated by using different temperatures. Each liquid mixture is placed in its container. In autumn, these mixtures are transported to agricultural fields and spreads out. Experiments have shown that the use of these mixtures can increase the potato yield by two times compared to the case of no use of fertilizers. When comparing the results of the research of the potato yield grown using manure from domestic animals and compost with the yield obtained using a liquid mixture of the noble gas, it was established that the yield is lower by 60 % and 40 %.

Currently, the problem of processing various wastes for their further use, such as, for example, sewage sludge, is of considerable interest. The processing itself takes place by burning the sludge to obtain ash, the use of which may further require its additional cleaning from heavy metals. The proposed approach to assessing the composition of ash using a Fourier-transformed infrared spectrometer, express control devices based on NMR and an X-ray spectrometer allows us to qualitatively assess the composition of ash and make informed decisions about its further use, storage and processing.

The world is dedicated to studies recombinogenesis in evolution and selection, on the variability causes of recombination and segregation parameters in hybridological analysis. The necessity of a careful choice in control unit for recombination experiment dependent on the architecture of a species reproductive system.

A method of laser welding with simultaneous alloying of 2.4060 over the entire depth of the melt bath for connecting the crankcase and the steering knuckle of a truck chassis is described. The results of experimental studies of the macro and microstructure of various zones of laser welding of 35HGSA steel with steel 1.0570 are presented. A comparative analysis of the hardness of the melt zone and the heat affected zones for samples with and without alloying is carried out.

The density of states for InAs/GaAs quantum dot (QDs) bi-layer arrays placed between two AlGaAs barriers is studied by means of photoluminescence (PL) excitation, resonant PL and time-resolved PL. By varying the excitation energy from above the AlGaAs band gap to values resonant with the QD energies, the energy of states in each layer including the wetting layer, corresponding localized states, defect states and QD states is determined. The creation of asymmetric pairs of quantum dots caused by interlayer coupling is traced starting from the case of weakly correlated systems represented by bi-layer QD arrays with a thick GaAs spacer layer (50 monolayers) to the case of fully correlated systems with a GaAs spacer (30 monolayers). Different mechanisms of carrier relaxation related to the density of states below the barrier and interlayer coupling are explored.

Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations of magnetoresistance are studied in semimagnetic quaternary solid solutions of n-Hg1-x-yCdxMnyTe (x 100 meV. The effect of the a value reduction is found to be the most pronounced near the semimetal-semiconductor transition and probably depends on the value of spin-orbit splitting in semimagnetic semiconductors. It is assumed to be connected with the growth of p-d exchange admixing due to the small Eg value.

The dependence of disorder on InyGa1-yAs thickness in pseudomorphic strained-layer AlxGa1-xAs/InyGa1-yAs/GaAs heterostructures is studied by means of photoluminescence (PL) and Raman scattering. PL and Raman data indicate that, for both y = 0.10 and 0.15, the InyGa1-yAs layers (with thickness not greater than 20 nm) are purely pseudomorphically strained. For InyGa1-yAs wells narrower than about 15 nm, the broad PL emission, small correlation length derived from Raman measurements of the longitudinal optical (LO) phonons, the asymmetry of the LO phonon peak and the presence of a disorder-activated longitudinal acoustic (DALA) phonon signal in the Raman scattering data are all indicative of disordered InGaAs. For well widths of 20 nm, however, the narrow PL emission, the details of the LO phonon data and the absence of an observable DALA signal are all indicative of much less disorder than in the thinner quantum wells.

In this paper, In(Ga)As/GaAs quantum dot chain structures with adjustable interdot coupling are studied by means of atomic force microscopy, excitation power density-, temperature-dependent- and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. According to the growth parameters, samples in this set model the transition from a 0D to a 1D system. It is shown that an interval of lattice temperatures exists where exciton dynamics is typical for the 1D system. In this temperature interval, the radiative decay time depends linearly on in all the samples. The exciton dynamics is substantially affected by in-chain interdot distances that determine the interdot coupling and define the hopping character of the exciton thermal relaxation in In(Ga)As/GaAs dot chain structures.

A comprehensive investigation of the optical properties of InAs/InP(001) quantum wires (QWrs) and their parent quantum well system formed by the deposition of 4 ML (monolayers) of InAs on InP is carried out by means of temperature dependent photoluminescence (PL) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Unusual two-branch switching of the excitonic PL band maxima is revealed in the temperature dependence for both wires and wells. This is interpreted in terms of the thermal activation of excitonic ground states of the confined nanostructures. Strong modification of the absorbance line shape leading to the appearance of flat spectral regions in the room temperature spectrum of a QWr sample is interpreted in terms of thermally induced change of the dimensionality: from 1D to anisotropic 2D. This change of dimensionality is detected also in the polarized absorbance measurements through the disappearance or significant reduction of the polarization anisotropy in the regions of the hh1-e1 (hh: heavy hole; e: electron) and lh1-e1 (lh: light hole) transitions in QWrs.