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Time-dependent energy spectra of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) carry fundamental information regarding their origin and propagation. When observed at the Earth, these spectra are significantly affected by the solar wind and the embedded solar magnetic field that permeates the heliosphere, changing significantly over an 11-year solar cycle. Energy spectra of GCRs measured during different epochs of solar activity provide crucial information for a thorough understanding of solar and heliospheric phenomena. The PAMELA experiment had collected data for almost ten years (15th June 2006 - 23rd January 2016), including the minimum phase of solar cycle 23 and the maximum phase of solar cycle 24. In this paper, we present new spectra for helium nuclei measured by the PAMELA instrument from January 2010 to September 2014 over a three Carrington rotation time basis. These data are compared to the PAMELA spectra measured during the previous solar minimum providing a picture of the time dependence of the helium nuclei fluxes over a nearly full solar cycle. Time and rigidity dependencies are observed in the proton-to-helium flux ratios. The force-field approximation of the solar modulation was used to relate these dependencies to the shapes of the local interstellar proton and helium-nuclei spectra., 9 pages, 5 figures

This paper describes optimization of variable stiffness composite plates (VSCPs) with open-holes under tensile loading. Curved continuous fibers are used to optimize distributions of fiber orientation and the fiber volume fraction during the optimization for the VSCPs. The modeling of VSCPs is performed by means of fiber trajectories, which are aligned in the direction of maximum principal stress. The progressive failure of the VSCPs is modeled by a material property degradation method, taking into account the variable distributions of material properties to predict the ultimate load. It is demonstrated that the ultimate load for the composite plates is increased using the change in a reinforcement structure and a transition from unidirectional to curvilinear reinforcement of fibers. Thus, application of VSCPs with curved fibers compared with unidirectional composites results in more effective use of composite materials in various fields of industry.

Accidents related with operation of mining equipment is a serious problem in the extractive industries. The accidents can result in damage and downtime of machinery, or even can lead to injuries and fatalities. These problems seem to become more acute in the modern conditions of Industry 4.0 implementation. This paper focuses on applicability of a multifunctional safety system in opencast coal mining, with regard to features of this method and using digital technologies. The authors emphasize essentiality of a business-model of opencast coal mining to reach the wanted results.The first section in your paper.

The article discusses the concept of “breakthrough technologies” and its criteria in relation to a bricklaying robotic system. In order to become a breakthrough, a new technology must be able to deeply integrate into the relevant industry. This requires the fulfillment of a number of criteria, both technical and beyond. Therefore, a number of such criteria have been formulated for a mobile robotic bricklaying system to assess the degree of compliance with industry requirements and readiness to become a breakthrough innovation. Also the systemic problems hindering the implementation of the technology in the construction industry are considered. The developed approach can also be used for other technical systems and complexes that require significant development costs and at the same time offer some innovative approaches to solving the problems in their fields.

To integrate innovations into practice, their effectiveness is of critical importance, especially when compared to previous generation technologies. The article discusses the two main aspects of the effectiveness of mobile bricklaying robots, as a technical system on one hand, and as a technology for organizing construction production on another. Efficiency of operation of automated building systems should be considered on the basis of synergistic analysis of these two factors. Study of feasibility of using such systems in organization of construction production is carried out taking into account the construction technology and the principles of construction organization. The efficiency of a robot as a technical system is assessed based on the efficiency of its use of energy and working time. The use of digital drives and optimization of design and algorithmic solutions are considered as means of increasing the energy efficiency of mobile bricklaying robots. A more complete use of working time is also proposed to be achieved through a combination of design and algorithmic solutions and the organization of the movement of material assets at a construction site.

Evaluation of a technical solution in construction usually is based on technical and economic indicators. However, this approach does not always gives a full assessment. It does not take into account a number of factors accompanying the process of capital construction. In particular technical and economic indicators used for analysis of construction from blocks are based on regulatory documentation, namely, the cost and labor input per cubic meter of masonry. At the same time, the efficiency of labor is not taken into account. This article presents a model of numerical evaluation of the effectiveness of using a mobile bricklaying robot. This model takes into account variety of factors and allows you to more accurately assess the applicability of such a robot for the construction of a specific object.

The paper considers increasing effectiveness of construction of bricks and blocks by applying mobile masonry robots. On the example of a specific object, the rates for its construction using manual labor and robotic means are considered. The results show that applying robotic means allows reduce costs for bricklaying 3-7 times in comparison with manual labor depending on method of accruing salaries. Other positive effects of using bricklaying automation, such as reducing construction time, increasing the quality of the result and simplification of staff management, are considered.

Automation of bricklaying using mobile robots requires new solutions in many spheres, including developing new algorithms. A mobile bricklaying robot moving at a construction site is considered as a task of planning its trajectory. The task is partly similar to passing a maze but has some distinctive features. Analysis of required movements and analysis of structure of a typical masonry plan allows create an approach to building a moving algorithm for a bricklaying robot. The developed algorithms consist of two separate algorithms, one for moving while directly building walls, another for fast and effective travelling between two points of a map without laying bricks. The developed algorithm has to be tested for different masonry plans and may be optimized in the described ways.

Automation and using robotic means allows increasing industry efficiency, including construction. At the same time, important factors of applying such means are profitability and adaptability. The paper considers the basic parameters influencing the economic and technological efficiency of applying mobile bricklaying robots. The main aspects for comparing manual and automated labor are showed based on the acting standards and technical features of operation of such robots. It is offered to use a coefficient showing the ratio of brickwork volumes for bearing walls and for partitions of a constructed object for evaluation of efficiency of applying a bricklaying robot. As most buildings differ from each other, the modeling software for automated evaluation economic and technological parameters of construction is offered. Such software will include a model of operation of a bricklaying robot and will evaluate efficiency of different combinations of manual and automated labor during bricklaying.

The paper describes the technical parameters and requirements for the basic element of longwall systems for mining thick and steeply dipping seams and for extraction of coal from safety pillars. The proposed multifunctional mobile roof support ensures safe and efficient operation of mines in complicated geological conditions. The authors offer classification of the performance capabilities of the multifunctional mobile powered roof support.

In elementary particle physics, the characteristics of the events can be distorted to varying degrees due to instrumental effects, which leads to inaccuracies in experimental distributions. To solve such difficulties and restore distributions close to the true, a various mathematical approaches are used. In this paper, we examine the quality of unfolding methods for solving this problem. Different variants of unfolding are tested for the quality of restoring the true distribution by simulating the passage of cosmic ray particles through the PAMELA magnetic spectrometer. The following algorithms were analyzed: D’Agostini, SVD and TUnfold.

The two-phase flow of a fresh charge in the inlet bodies of a commercially available engine accompanied by a heat exchange is investigated. The design changes of the commercially produced internal combustion engine, providing the improvement of the quality of mixture formation and allowing to increase its compression ratio with the subsequent increase of thermal efficiency, are developed, investigated and justified.

Features of mathematical model construction of gas exchange processes of the four-stroke piston engine and, in particular, statement of initial and boundary conditions are described. The vibrational process of the air column in the intake and exhaust manifolds is considered. The parameters of working processes neglected in the calculation model are specified. The most significant factors for the mass filling of cylinders are determined. The results of calculating the velocity of the working fluid in the exhaust body in the area between the exhaust valve and the first branching are presented.

The article deals with the efficiency of marine diesel engines produced by JSC «RUMO», Russia, Nizhny Novgorod. The parameters of the working processes determining the specific power of the engine are determined. The basic mathematical dependences that determine the efficiency of the engine are given. The article analyses the influence of individual factors and based on the results, the indicator surface. The influence of the charge air pressure, the delay angle of the inlet closure and the geometric compression ratio of the individual cylinder are considered separately.

Path integral method in quantum statistics problems: generalized ensemble Monte Carlo and density functional approach

This paper presents the results of measurements of proton and deuteron fluxes of albedo radiation in the Earth vicinity, obtained in the PAMELA experiment. PAMELA is an international experiment meant to study cosmic rays. PAMELA is carried out on board the satellite Resurs-DK1. High-precision equipment of the experiment allows registration and identification of cosmic ray particles of different varieties in a wide energy range. The albedo deuteron spectrum and albedo deuteron-to-proton fluxes ratio in the energy range 70 – 600 MeV/nucleon at altitude of 350 – 600 km for different geomagnetic latitudes is presented.

Recent experiments in high enegry cosmic ray physics, PAMELA and AMS-02, excite a new interest to the mechanisms of generation of galactic antiparticles. In spite of the fact that global picture coincides with the predictions of the standard model, there are some black spots stimulating scientists to involve into research a particularly new physics like dark matter. In the present work, we make an attempt to estimate the impact of standard neutrino processes into the total flux of secondary antiprotons detected by contemporary experiments.

As we are going to show, some self-interacting dark matter models may provide an intriguing solution to the "cosmic antiparticle excess vs. isotropic diffuse gamma-ray background" problem (an overproduction of diffuse gamma rays, arising in any reasonable decaying or annihilating dark matter model explaining high-energy charged cosmic antiparticles anomalous abundance).

We are going to show that any conventional decaying dark matter model, providing an explanation of cosmic antiparticle excess observed by PAMELA and AMS-02, inevitably faces the contradiction with isotropic diffuse gamma-ray background, measured by FERMI/LAT.

Paper reports on a broadband spectrum analysis of density fluctuations in the edge plasma of the L-2M stellarator, measured using the Doppler reflectometry diagnostics. The evolution of the electron temperature-gradient (ETG) and ion temperature-gradient (ITG) instabilities in the edge plasma of the stellarator is analyzed. Two additional harmonics in the spectrum are found apart from those determined by the Doppler shift caused by poloidal rotation of plasma. The Doppler shifts of these harmonics are determined from the phase velocities of fluctuations generated by the ETG and ITG instabilities. Thus, local measurements of spectra using the Doppler reflectometry enabled us both to evaluate the poloidal rotational velocity of the plasma and describe the evolution of low-frequency plasma instabilities.

The PAMELA project is the satellite experiment for measurements of the cosmic ray energy spectra in a wide energy range in near-Earth space. The PAMELA apparatus is in orbit from 2006 till today. The calorimeter is the main part of the instrument. It is able to measure energy, to distinguish between hadrons and electrons and to reconstruct the arriving particle direction. Using of special triggers for the calorimeter allows significant increasing of statistics. In consideration of these facts the technique of anisotropy searching in the energy range extending higher than 10 GeV has been developed. This technique is based on the calorimeter data and has as content the advanced method of the reconstruction of the secondary particle shower axis in the calorimeter.

The PAMELA magnetic spectrometer launched in June 2006 has observed the last strong energetic solar particle event of the 23rd solar cycle in December 2006. Subsequent long minimum of solar activity and weak development of the 24th solar cycle led to a deficit in the solar energetic particle events on the Earth orbit. As a result, only few events with protons accelerated above 100 MeV occurred in 2010-2012. The paper gives the preliminary results on energetic solar particles in the beginning of the 24th solar circle as measured with the PAMELA instrument.

Spectrometers PAMELA and ARINA, mounted on the spacecraft Resurs-DK1, carried out precision measurements of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) flux near the Earth from 2006 to present. Combining these instruments gives the possibility to study the effect of solar modulation in the energy range from 30 MeV to dozens of GeV. This report presents experimental results concerning the time interval from the end of the 23rd solar cycle (noted by an prolonged minimum) to the beginning of the 24th cycle. The cosmic ray flux raised up to the end of 2009, then it began to decline, which is in coincidence with the sunspot number and evidence of the solar activity increasing. Some additional features were noted in the time profile of galactic cosmic ray flux, which, as shown by analysis of the correlation, correspond to a change of such heliospheric parameters as the tilt angle of the heliospheric current sheet (HCS), the solar wind velocity and the intensity of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF).

In studying the high-temperature plasma physics, the researcher is faced with the need to process large amounts of semi-structured data. Dozens of multi-channel diagnostics, the results of which are multi-million ensembles of time samples of plasma signals, are usually installed at the same time in thermonuclear devices. These samples contain information necessary to understand the mechanisms of relation between plasma macroparameters (plasma density and temperature, plasma current, magnetic field, auxiliary heating power, etc) and plasma microparameters determined by turbulence (energy, spectral composition, amplitude density distribution, etc). The methods of analysis of plasma signals based on the processing of a single time realization of turbulence cannot be used as a basis for comparison with macroparameters and identification of new patterns of plasma containment in a magnetic trap. The main objective of this work is to obtain information about the relationship between the macro- and microparameters of the plasma based on the structuring of the acquired data and its multi-parameter processing using the modern software and hardware.

Currently acute problem of developing new technologies by reducing the noise of aircraft engines, including the directional impact on the noise on the basis of the interaction of plasma disturbances and sound generation pulsations. One of the devices built on this principle being developed in GPI RAS. They are plasma actuators (group of related to each other gaps, built on the perimeter of the nozzle) of various shapes and forms. In this paper an algorithm was developed which allows to separate impulses from the received experimental data, acquired during the work of plasma actuator flush-mounted in the model plane nozzle. The algorithm can be adjusted manually under a variety of situations (work of actuator in a nozzle with or without airflow, adjustment to different frequencies and pulse duration of the actuator). And program complex is developed on the basis of MatLab software, designed for building sustainable robust spectral and autocovariation functions of acoustic signals recorded during the experiments with the model of a nozzle with working actuator.

This paper reports on studies of short-wave turbulence in the plasma of the L-2M stellarator under markedly different conditions: with doubling the ECR heating power (100 and 200 kW) and with restricting the plasma radius by a sector limiter. The role of such short-wave turbulence in anomalous transport can appear important for conditions of a thermonuclear reactor. Experiments were carried out in a basic magnetic configuration of the L-2M stellarator during ECRH at the second harmonic of the electron gyrofrequency (75.3 GHz) at average electron densities of (1.5–1.7) × 1013 cm−3. The energy confinement time was ~3.5 ms at P0 = 100 kW and was reduced to ~2 ms at P0 = 200 kW. When the limiter was introduced inside the plasma to a depth of 2 cm from the last closed flux surface, τE decreased by a factor of 1.3–1.4. Plasma density fluctuations were measured from the scattering of gyrotron radiation at the second harmonic of operating frequency (~150 GHz). A quasioptical receiving system allowed measurements of scattered radiation from plasma regions r/a ≤ 0.6 at scattering angles π/4 ≤ Θ ≤ π/2 (24 cm−1 ≤ k⊥ ≤ 44 cm−1). The short-wave turbulence was studied for two radial positions of the scattering region: r/a = 0.3–0.4 and r/a = 0.5–0.6. Short-wave turbulence exhibits features of strong plasma turbulence. It is experimentally established that a change in the energy confinement time in the L-2M stellarator correlates with the level of short-wave turbulence.

The differential photoisomerization quantum yield (QY) behavior of four derivatives of naphthacenequinone in toluene solution and in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyvinyl butirale (PVB) and polybutyl methacrylate (PBM-5) polymer films during direct and reverse reactions has been investigated. It was discovered that in all cases the initial QY in polymer matrices is higher than the QY in toluene solution.