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The number plate recognition (NPR) system is one of the categories of smart transportation and detection mechanism (STDM). This is a combination of the technology in which the application enables the system to detect and automatically read the license id of number plate of vehicle from digitally captured images. Automatically capturing the license plate is the process of detecting and transforming the pixels data of a digital image into the plain text data or ASCII text of the number plate. Our project contains a method for the vehicle number plate recognition from the image using mathematical morphological operations (erosion, dilation). The main objective is to use and combine different morphological operations in such a way that the license plate of the certain vehicle can be detected and translatedeffectively. This is based on various operation such as image improvement, Gray scale transformation, Bilateral Filtering edge detection and getting the number plate from the picture of vehicle. After the completion of the above-mentioned steps, now the process of segmentation is being applied to detect the text present on number plate by making use ofmatching of template and OCR. This system is able to detect the license number accurately as well as quickly from the vehicle’s picture.

The Arithmetic and Logic Unit(ALU) is a Significant Segment of a CPU as it does all the arithmetic and logical operations and computations required by all the processes running inside the CPU. Being such an important part inside the processor, It requires more power and thus it would be efficient and feasible if it can run on low power and also can test for any faults in the circuit itself. This paper completely focuses on building a Low Powered ALU with the implementation of Built-In Self-Test(BIST) mechanism for efficient arithmetic and logical operations. In the design, power-efficient circuits such as Wallace Tree Multiplier and Carry Look-Ahead Adder is being used. The created design is synthesized and simulated on the Xilinx Vivado software tool and implemented on Digilent Xilinx Basys 3 Artix-7 (XC7A35T-1CPG236C) Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The overall power consumption of the design is 75mW and the ALU has self-testability function.

Verification today acts as a constriction of any complex VLSI design. Bringing out improved verification efficiency is a must. Most of the computers and microcontrollers contain a number of serial data ports. These data ports are used to connect with devices such as keyboards and printers which are basically serial input and output devices. Transmission and reception of serial data from an isolated location can be done with the help of a modem connected to the serial port. UART- Universal Asynchronous Receiver and transmitter is a hardware device which facilitates serial transmission and reception of data. In this work presented here, the UART has been designed with the use of the industry standard Verilog HDL code and the verification of the protocol has been done using system Verilog code in UVM environment. The UVM based verification methodology can significantly reduce the time needed for verification.

This paper examines about the power decrease system in a memory cell. It affords a low power high stability 8T Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) cell. Two typically used SRAM cells are analyzed in phrases of their stability and power. It presents improved performance as analyzed with traditional 6T SRAM cell in iterms iof leakage power and static noise margin. The scheme of low power 8T SRAM is executed along enforcing power gating approach. Power gating is executed with the aid of putting a transistor in between the 8T SRAM cell and VDD or ground. However, this avoids the direct VDD and ground path and forming an indirect VDD and indirect ground path. The static noise margin of 8T SRAM is computed to decide higher stability whilst compared with 6T SRAM. It is inferred that the power of the newly programmed 8T SRAM cell is diminished close to 1.5% as contrasted with that of the traditional 8T SRAM cell and the stability is improved close to 8.19%.

Non wear out brake emission is one of the significant issue concerns with health and the environment. In brakes performance, wear debris is released in the atmosphere and pollute the environment. The brake pad is classified into two categories mainly asbestos and non-asbestos. As per the report of WHO and Environment Protection Agencies, some of the metals oxidized and produces toxic gaseous. Toxicity leads and creates a bad effect on human health. This work focuses on remedies over environmental and health issues because of brake pad emission. It is important to reduce the percentage of toxic elements at source and develop novel material compositions that are less dangerous to the environment and human health. Also, it satisfies all requirements of a brake pad material as per international standards. From this investigation, we found an alternate material for brake bad applications. The natural fibers reinforcement material is zero toxic. So, the materials will not create any environmental and human health issues.

Elemental photocatalysts are getting the attention of material scientists as a new class of visible light photocatalysts in recent years. Hence it is important to understand and evaluate their phtocatalytic activity for the rationale design and development of new catalysts at low cost. In this regard, we choose commercial red phosphorus as elemental photocatalyst and we evaluate its activity towards the disinfection of E. coli and reduction of Cr (VI) under natural sunlight. The measured bandgap of red phosphorus is 2.0 eV matches with theoretical value and indicates the suitability of the material as photocatalyst under direct sunlight. Moreover, red phosphorus also has optimum valence and conduction band levels for the successful photo-generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These photogenerated ROS could help to achieve the disinfection of E. coli in 50 min. In the case of photocatalytic reduction of Cr (VI), 98% of Cr (VI) reduction has been achieved is in 60 min at pH 2. The rate of Cr (VI) reduction decreases with an increase in pH value similar to the reports with other metal oxide photocatalysts.

This research focuses on converting a conventional electromechanical motor into a solar powered electromechanical motor for the application in material handling systems in industries. As conveyors are the prime movers for in handling raw materials from mines covering a major area, an effort has been made in incorporating this advantage of open entity to solar energy application. With research considered, the upper cover of the conveyer system has been replaced by implementing standalone solar panels with suitable capacity which can assist and propel the conveyor motor. The results portray a positive output in terms of energy efficiency and cost analysis.

Investigations on the recycling of oyster shells and bone waste treatment using the plasma pyrolysis technique are presented in this paper. A arc based plasma torch operated at 25 kW was employed for the experiments. Fresh oyster shells were recycled using the plasma torch to convert them to a useful product such as CaO. Bone waste was treated to remove the infectious organic part and to vitrify the inorganic part. The time required for treatment in both cases was significantly short. Significant reduction in the weight of the samples was observed in both cases.

We report here a straightforward and rapid microwave?hydrothermal route providing an easy synthesis of Eu3+ doped La2O3 nanowhiskers. The nanostructured Eu3+ doped La2O3 is characterized by x-ray diffraction studies, scanning electron microscopy and photoluminescence (PL). The emission spectrum shows transitions from the excited 5D0 state to 7FJ (J = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) levels of the Eu3+ ion. The most intense peak around 611?nm is due to the 5D0 ? 7F2 transition, expected from the Judd?Ofelt selection rules. PL spectra measurements demonstrate that the lanthanum oxide nanowhisker shows higher PL intensity.

A plasma discharge initiation system for the explosive volumetric combustion charge was designed, investigated and developed for practical application. Laboratory scale experiments were carried out before conducting the large scale field tests. The resultant explosions gave rise to less noise, insignificant seismic vibrations and good specific explosive consumption for rock blasting. Importantly, the technique was found to be safe and environmentally friendly.

Nanosizing of poorly water soluble drugs or incorporating them into nanoparticles to increase their solubility and thereby the bioavailability has become a favoured approach today. This work describes a novel method for encapsulating poorly water soluble phytochemical ellagic acid that is also sparingly soluble/insoluble in routine solvents used to prepare nanoparticles.

A plasma-assisted catalytic reactor was used to remove nitrogen oxides (NOx) from diesel engine exhaust operated under different load conditions. Initial studies were focused on plasma reactor (a dielectric barrier discharge reactor) treatment of diesel exhaust at various temperatures. The nitric oxide (NO) removal efficiency was lowered when high temperature exhaust was treated using plasma reactor. Also, NO removal efficiency decreased when 45% load exhaust was treated. Studies were then made with plasma reactor combined with a catalytic reactor consisting of a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst, V2O5/TiO2. Ammonia was used as a reducing agent for SCR process in a ratio of 1:1 to NOx. The studies were focused on temperatures of the SCR catalytic reactor below 200°C. The plasma-assisted catalytic reactor was operated well to remove NOx under no-load and load conditions. For an energy input of 96 J/l, the NOx removal efficiencies obtained under no-load and load conditions were 90% and 72% respectively at an exhaust temperature of 100°C.

An electric discharge plasma reactor combined with a catalytic reactor was studied for removing nitrogen oxides. To understand the combined process thoroughly, discharge plasma and catalytic process were separately studied first, and then the two processes were combined for the study. The plasma reactor was able to oxidize NO to NO2 well although the oxidation rate decreased with temperature. The plasma reactor alone did not reduce the NOx (NO+NO2) level effectively, but the increase in the ratio of NO2 to NO as a result of plasma discharge led to the enhancement of NOx removal efficiency even at lower temperatures over the catalyst surface (V2O5-WO3/TiO2). At a gas temperature of 100°C, the NOx removal efficiency obtained using the combined plasma catalytic process was 88% for an energy input of 36 eV / molecule or 30 J/l.

A single-stage plasma-catalytic reactor in which catalytic materials were packed was used to remove nitrogen oxides. The packing material was scoria being made of various metal oxides including Al2O3, MgO, TiO2, etc. Scoria was able to act not only as dielectric pellets but also as a catalyst in the presence of reducing agent such as ethylene and ammonia. Without plasma discharge, scoria did not work well as a catalyst in the temperature range of 100 °C to 200 °C, showing less than 10% of NOx removal efficiency. When plasma is produced inside the reactor, the NOx removal efficiency could be increased to 60% in this temperature range.

This paper reports the studies conducted on removal of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from diesel engine exhaust using electrical discharge plasma combined with adsorbing materials such as molecular sieves. This study is being reported for the first time. The exhaust is taken from a diesel engine of 6 kW under no load conditions. The characteristic behavior of a pulse energized dielectric barrier discharge reactor in the diesel exhaust treatment is reported. The NOx removal was not significant (36%) when the reactor without any packing was used. However, when the reactor was packed with molecular sieves (MS -3A, -4A & -13X), the NOx removal efficiency was increased to 78% particularly at a temperature of 200 °C. The studies were conducted at different temperatures and the results were discussed.

Spatial and temporal analyses of the spectra of the laser induced plasma from a polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) target obtained with the 1.06 mu m radiation from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser have been carried out. The spatially resolved spectra of the plasma emission show that molecular bands of C2 (Swan bands) and CN are very intense in the outer regions of the plasma, whereas higher ionized states of carbon are predominant in the core region of the plasma emission. The vibrational temperature and population distribution in the different vibrational levels have been studied as a function of laser energy. From the time resolved studies, it has been observed that there exist fairly large time delays for the onset of emission from all the species in the outer region of the plasma. The molecular bands in each region exhibit much larger time delays in comparison to the ionic lines in the plasma.

We describe a substitution based sparse Jacobian matrix determination method using algorithmic differentiation. Utilizing the a priori known sparsity pattern, a compression scheme is determined using graph coloring. The compressed pattern of the Jacobian matrix is then reordered into a form suitable for computation by substitution. We show that the column reordering of the compressed pattern matrix (so as to align the zero entries into consecutive locations in each row) can be viewed as a variant of traveling salesman problem. Preliminary computational results show that on the test problems the performance of nearest-neighbor type heuristic algorithms is highly encouraging.

We propose to use a pure-phase filter in combination with a high NA lens axicon to achieve a sub-wavelength magnetic focal spot with large uniform magnetization depth when illuminated by a circularly polarized beam. The magnetization distributions are derived and evaluated based on the vector diffraction theory and the inverse Faraday effect of the isotropic and non-magnetically ordered material. With this kind of system, the longitudinal magnetization depth is increased to 12.82λ and the magnetic spot size has been reduced to 0.38λ. However, in the conventional lens with the same NA, the FWHM of the magnetic spot is found to be 0.43λ and its corresponding magnetization depth is only 0.89λ. We expect such a sub-wavelength strong longitudinal magnetic field with large magnetization depth can be widely used in high density magneto-optic recording and the scanning near-field magnetic microscope for studies of magnetic responses of sub-wavelength elementary cells of metamaterials.

PbO-Bi2O3-B2O3 glasses mixed with different concentrations of NiO (ranging from 0 to 2.0 mol %) have been prepared by melt quenching technique and their spectroscopic properties viz., optical absorption and infrared transmission have been investigated. The optical absorption spectra of these glasses indicated that Ni2+ ions exist both in octahedral and tetrahedral sites. The IR spectral studies have revealed that the glasses containing NiO beyond 1.0 mol %, nickel ions mostly occupy octahedral positions, act as modifiers and induce higher degree of disorder in the glass network. The magnetic susceptibility studies indicated that a gradual decrease of the effective magnetic moment from 4.21 μB (for sample N10) to 2.91 μB (for sample N20); from this result, it is concluded that there is a gradual transformation of Ni2+ ions from the tetrahedral sites to the octahedral sites as the concentration of NiO is increased beyond 1.0 mol %.

In order to characterise the laser ablation process from high-Tc superconductors, the time evolution of plasma produced by a Q-switching Nd:YAG laser from a GdBa2Cu3O7 superconducting sample has been studied using spectroscopic and ion-probe techniques. It has been observed that there is a fairly large delay for the onset of the emission from oxide species in comparison with those from atoms and ions of the constituent elements present in the plasma. Faster decay occurs for emission from oxides and ions compared with that from neutral atoms. These observations support the view that oxides are not directly produced from the target, but are formed by the recombination process while the plasma cools down. Plasma parameters such as temperature and velocity are also evaluated.